His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, which was incorporated in the late 19th century into modern formal logic.

Often dismissed as an unreliable tradition, it has been studied with attention by modern scholars, in particular Neil Christie, who see in it a possible record of a formal invitation by the Byzantine state to settle in northern Italy as foederati, to help protect the region against the Franks, an arrangement that may have been disowned by Justin II after Narses ' removal.

There is no contemporary evidence that Alfred and Guthrum agreed upon a formal treaty at this time ; the so-called Treaty of Wedmore is an invention of modern historians.

Sets are of great importance in mathematics ; in fact, in modern formal treatments, most mathematical objects ( numbers, relations, functions, etc.

Three of the best-known figures in the sport are George Sappenfield, who privately called the game " Basket Frisbee ", " Steady Ed " Headrick who introduced the first formal disc golf target with chains and a basket, and Dave Dunipace who invented the modern golf disc.

Because of the negative associations, modern leaders very rarely ( if ever ) use the term in their formal titles.

The heckling of this German foreigner was tremendous, but he gave tit for tat, and any modern picture of Dr E. Mayr as a very formal person does not square with my memory of the 1930s.

In favor of John's chronology is the near universal modern scholarly agreement that the Synoptic accounts of a formal trial before the Sanhedrin on a festival day are historically impossible.

The modern Scottish kilt worn with formal evening wear ( 2009 )

Following the Roman occupation and the conquest by the English, education in Wales was at a very low ebb in the early modern period ; in particular, formal education was only available in English while the majority of the population spoke only Welsh.

Polanyi identifies it as a pathology of the modern mind, and traces its origins to a false conception of knowledge ; which although relatively harmless in the formal sciences, generates nihilism in the humanities.

Even today, formal written modern English differs subtly from spoken English because not all emphasis and disambiguation is possible to convey in print, even with punctuation.

Since the founding of the United States, the power of the president and the federal government have grown substantially and each modern president, despite possessing no formal legislative powers beyond signing or vetoing congressionally passed bills, is largely responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of his party and the foreign and domestic policy of the United States.

There is no distinction in modern English though Elizabethan English marked the distinction with " thou " ( singular informal ) and " you " ( plural or singular formal ).

The variety of different strokes in formal hands was accomplished by good penmanship as the tip was square cut and rigid, exactly as it is today with modern steel pens.

In the field of modern computing, the semantic web requires formal XML extension taxonomies ( like XBRL ) called namespaces.

Mathieu Orfila is considered to be the modern father of toxicology, having given the subject its first formal treatment in 1813 in his Traité des poisons, also called Toxicologie générale.

A noteworthy difference between Thucydides ' method of writing history and that of modern historians is Thucydides ' inclusion of lengthy formal speeches that, as he himself states, were literary reconstructions rather than actual quotations of what was said — or, perhaps, what he believed ought to have been said.

Most modern formal and semi-formal clothing is in this category ( for example, dress shirts and suits ).

Due to the advent of modern weapons, and subsequent changes in tactics, Colors are no longer used in battle, but continue to be carried by Color Guards at events of formal character.

The ' Cherokee triumvirate ' of James Vann and his protégés The Ridge and Charles R. Hicks advocated acculturation, formal education, and modern methods of farming.

" In the book accompanying the show, coauthored with Hitchcock, Johnson argued that the new modern style maintained three formal principles: 1. an emphasis on architectural volume over mass ( planes rather than solidity ) 2. a rejection of symmetry and 3. rejection of applied decoration.

Chomsky emphasizes the importance of modern formal mathematical devices in the development of grammatical theory:

More modern classifications are based upon cladistics.

Few authorities recognize Amblypoda in modern classifications.

One of the first modern major classifications was that of Dorothy Chaytor in 1937 at Kew.

However, in modern molecularly defined classifications, not all members of the order Agaricales produce mushroom fruit bodies, and many other gilled fungi, collectively called mushrooms, occur in other orders of the class Agaricomycetes.

There are several classifications for modern steam turbines.

Despite uncertainty about the single origin of yakuza organizations, most modern yakuza derive from two classifications which emerged in the mid-Edo Period ( 1603 – 1868 ): tekiya, those who primarily peddled illicit, stolen or shoddy goods ; and bakuto, those who were involved in or participated in gambling.

The secondary ranks between the suborders and the families are out of practical or historical considerations than out of strict respect for phylogenetic classifications ( modern cladists spurn the use of Linnaean rank names ).

Failure of these names to persist in modern classifications is because none of them represents a pair of monophyletic groups.

In common usage, alto is used to describe the voice type that typically sings this part, though this is not strictly correct: alto, like the other three standard modern choral voice classifications ( soprano, tenor and bass ) was originally intended to describe a part within a homophonic or polyphonic texture, rather than an individual voice type ; neither are the terms alto and contralto interchangeable or synonymous, though they are often treated as such.

Although variations abound, the most common classifications used by modern palmists:

All modern discussion of the text revolves around the classifications of W. W. Skeat.

The name " Heteroptera " is used in two very different ways in modern classifications ; in Linnean nomenclature it commonly appears as a suborder within the order Hemiptera, where it can be paraphyletic or monophyletic depending on its delimitation.

Though increasingly criticised ( for a review of the debate on the Three worlds of Welfare Capitalism see Art and Gelissen and Ferragina and Seeleib-Kaiser ), these classifications remain the most commonly used in distinguishing types of modern welfare states, and offer a solid starting point in such analysis.

Most modern yakuza derive from two classifications which emerged in the mid-Edo Period: tekiya, those who primarily peddled illicit, stolen or shoddy goods ; and bakuto, those who were involved in or participated in gambling.

Most modern classifications split the minke whale into two species ;

In modern classifications, the Porpitidae are included in the infraorder Zancleida of the hydrozoan suborder Capitata.

By modern classifications, birds are closely related to this group of dinosaurs.

The various classifications adopted by modern Protestant theologians are due partly to the results of philosophical speculation and partly to new conceptions of the nature of religion.

Recent research in malacology however has made it clear that Mesogastropoda was not a monophyletic taxon, and because of that, the taxon is no longer included in modern classifications.

Like the other tiger swallowtails, the Western Tiger Swallowtail was formerly classified in genus Pterourus, but modern classifications all agree in placing them within Papilio.

The former Cronquist system of classification placed this family in the order Violales, but under more modern classifications systems such as that proposed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, this is absorbed into the Malpighiales.

They have at times been aligned to a range of modern animal and protist groups, but none of these classifications has withstood scrutiny ; they probably represent an extinct stem group to either the animals or fungi.

There are two primary classifications of figure types in modern Western square dancing, patter and singing.

Modern tank designs favour a modular universal design eliminating these sorts of classifications from modern terminology.