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The emergence of modern Japan: an introductory history since 1853.

The Prologues to the Pauline Epistles ( which are not a part of the text, but short introductory sentences as one might find in modern study Bibles ), found in several older Latin codices, are now widely believed to have been written by Marcion or one of his followers.

About 1215 Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube, in the introductory lines to his Girart de Vienne, set out a subdivision of the Matter of France into three cycles, which have been adopted by many modern critics as a useful means of grouping the chansons de geste.

* Lessons introductory to the modern higher algebra ( 1859 )

The curriculum included courses in Islamic sciences to perfect the students ' previous study as well as introductory work in modern subjects such as mathematics, history, geography and science.

" His considerable influence on moral philosophy came from two works he edited, a very widely used introductory book he co-edited with Arthur Pap ( A modern introduction to philosophy, 1965 ), and the famous Encyclopedia of Philosophy, an eight volume " massive Enlightenment work with notable analytic sensibility.

According to Akbar S. Ahmed, like modern anthropologists, he engaged in extensive participant observation with a given group of people, learnt their language and studied their primary texts, and presented his findings with objectivity and neutrality using cross-cultural comparisons.

Chartier's typical undergraduate course focuses upon the making, remaking, dissemination, and reading of texts in early modern Europe and America.

There are similarities and differences between such figures in reports about Basilides ' teaching, ancient Gnostic texts, the larger Greco-Roman magical traditions, and modern magical and esoteric writings.

Since some modern scholars do detect subtle theological and historical differences between the texts, such scholars do not subscribe to the rough-draft / polished-draft theory.

A current modern interpretation is that the Hittite sacral hieratic hunting bag ( kursas ), a rough and shaggy goatskin that has been firmly established in literary texts and iconography by H. G.

The term is less common in modern texts, and was originally derived from a dichotomy with major tranquilizers, also known as neuroleptics or antipsychotics.

Hindu religious texts contain account of saints and hermits practicing what would be called inedia, breatharianism or Sustenance through Light in modern terms.

Lord Chief Justice Edward Coke, a 17th-century English jurist and Member of Parliament, wrote several legal texts that formed the basis for the modern common law, with lawyers in both England and America learning their law from his Institutes and Reports until the end of the 18th century.

Confucius is traditionally credited with having authored or edited many of the Chinese classic texts including all of the Five Classics, but modern scholars are cautious of attributing specific assertions to Confucius himself.

Some modern scholars claim the universality of the accusations in ancient texts lends credence to the crime.

This phrase is frequently used when discussing the value of an electric current, especially in older texts ; modern practice often shortens this to simply current but current intensity is still used in many recent textbooks.

However, Frankel's use of modern methods of historical scholarship in analyzing Jewish texts and developing Jewish law set him apart from neo-Orthodox Judaism, which was concurrently developing under the leadership of Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch.

* Chinese Text Project ( English Chinese ) ( Chinese philosophy texts in classical Chinese with English and modern Chinese translations )

However, within these early texts there are many terms that modern scholars have interpreted differently from previous generations of scholars.

The portion of the Greek Arithmetica that survived, however, was, like all ancient Greek texts transmitted to the early modern world, copied by, and thus known to, medieval Byzantine scholars.

" Ancient Greek texts, especially from Biblical Koine onwards, are thus relatively easy to understand for educated modern speakers.

In modern logic texts, Gödel's completeness theorem is usually proved with Henkin's proof, rather than with Gödel's original proof.

These two texts are also the only two sources that explicitly mention that the substance was heated over a furnace before being discharged ; although the validity of this information is open to question, modern reconstructions have relied upon them.

We have little information about the early condition of the Homeric poems, but in the second century BC, Alexandrian editors stabilized this text from which all modern texts descend.

Though Chrétien ’ s account is the earliest and most influential of all Grail texts, it was in the work of Robert de Boron that the Grail truly became the " Holy Grail " and assumed the form most familiar to modern readers.

Tracing the exact origins of modern science is possible through the many important texts which have survived from the classical world.

* " the organised political trend, owing its modern origin to the founding of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt in 1928, that seeks to solve modern political problems by reference to Muslim texts ",

* Conservative Judaism, known as Masorti outside the United States and Canada, is characterized by a commitment to traditional Jewish laws and customs, including observance of Shabbat and kashrut, a deliberately non-fundamentalist teaching of Jewish principles of faith, a positive attitude toward modern culture, and an acceptance of both traditional rabbinic and modern scholarship when considering Jewish religious texts.

Masu's home economics training comes into play as she designs cupboards along modern functional lines for the storage of cleaning materials.

Reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete and precast concrete are the most widely used types of concrete functional extensions in modern days.

During this so-called Republican Era, many features of a modern, functional Chinese state emerged and developed.

Around 1909, Hilbert dedicated himself to the study of differential and integral equations ; his work had direct consequences for important parts of modern functional analysis.

He defines functional programs as being built up in a hierarchical way by means of " combining forms " that allow an " algebra of programs "; in modern language, this means that functional programs follow the principle of compositionality.

Felix Hausdorff ( November 8, 1868 – January 26, 1942 ) was a German mathematician who is considered to be one of the founders of modern topology and who contributed significantly to set theory, descriptive set theory, measure theory, function theory, and functional analysis.

Hadamard also founded the modern school of linear functional analysis further developed by Riesz and the group of Polish mathematicians around Stefan Banach.

Many measures are part of modern psychophysiology including measures of brain activity such as ERPs, brain waves ( electroencephalography, EEG ), fMRI ( functional magnetic resonance imaging ), measures of skin conductance ( skin conductance response, SCR ; galvanic skin response, GSR ), cardiovascular measures ( heart rate, HR ; beats per minute, BPM ; heart rate variability, HRV ; vasomotor activity ), muscle activity ( electromyography, EMG ), changes in pupil diameter with thought and emotion ( pupillometry ) and eye movements, recorded via the electro-oculogram ( EOG ) and direction-of-gaze methods.

Banach was one of the founders of modern functional analysis and one of the original members of the Lwów School of Mathematics.

In modern taxation systems, taxes are levied in money ; but, in-kind and corvée taxation are characteristic of traditional or pre-capitalist states and their functional equivalents.

* The second factor has been the use of English for " decorative " or " design " rather than functional purposes ; i. e., for Japanese consumption, not for English speakers per se, and as a way of appearing " smart, sophisticated and modern ," in much the same way as Japanese and similar writing script is used in western fashion.

Although functional and practical, Fay's design along with the 50 other designs patented prior to 1899 are not considered reminiscent of the modern paperclip design known today.

The 1960s saw the rise of many new fields in linguistics, such as Noam Chomsky's generative grammar, William Labov's sociolinguistics, Michael Halliday's systemic functional linguistics and also modern psycholinguistics.

Unlike most modern CPU designs, functional units were not pipelined ; the functional unit would become busy when an instruction was " issued " to it and would remain busy for the entire time required to execute that instruction.

Apart from the minimalist program, however, the DP hypothesis is rejected by most other modern theories of syntax and grammar, in part because these theories lack the relevant functional categories.

The campus was originally designed by the Scottish architectural practice Robert Matthew Johnson Marshall in a low-rise, highly functional, modern style, envisaged in order to integrate with the contours of the surrounding landscape.

This overlap of functional characters has generated confusion about the identity of Sancus Dius Fidius either among ancient and modern scholars, as Dius Fidius has sometimes been considered another theonym for Iupiter.

In essence, a CIO in the modern organization is required to possess business skills and the ability to relate to the organization as a whole, as opposed to being a technological expert with limited functional business expertise.

Commentators both within and without Greece have attributed this critical flaw in Greek culture to the Ottoman Empire's brutal mismanagement of Ottoman Greece, in which individual survival became more important than societal stability, tax resistance became a form of patriotism, and property and commercial tax systems were left in shambles, thereby making it impossible for Greece to create an functional civil society or an efficient modern state.

In more modern treatments however, this representation is usually avoided, since most technical problems can be dealt with by the functional calculus.

A scene at McMurdo Station Today, McMurdo Station is Antarctica's largest community and a functional, modern day science station, which includes a harbour, three airfields ( two seasonal ), a heliport and more than 100 buildings, including the Albert P. Crary Science and Engineering Center.

A notable semantic feature was the ability to define new data types, as a ( possibly recursive ) sum of products-this was done using a somewhat verbose natural language style description, but apart from notation amounts exactly to the algebraic data types found in modern functional languages.