In most jurisdictions the normal and preferred way of seeking appellate review is by filing an appeal of the final judgment.

Some jurisdictions have specialized appellate courts, such as the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, which only hears appeals raised in criminal cases, and the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which has general jurisdiction but derives most of its caseload from patent cases, on the other hand, and appeals from the Court of Federal Claims on the other.

In most United States jurisdictions a defendant is allowed the opportunity to allocute — that is, explain himself — before sentence is passed.

In most of the world's jurisdictions, the professional and commercial uses of the terms " architect " and " landscape architect " are legally protected.

In some jurisdictions, most notably England, it is not a defense where the degree of injury is severe, as long as there is no legally recognized good reason for the assault.

As the criminal law evolved, element one was weakened in most jurisdictions so that a reasonable fear of bodily injury would suffice.

This defense would most likely fail since only involuntary intoxication is accepted as a defense in most American jurisdictions.

Unlike most Common-law jurisdictions, the majority of civil law jurisdictions have specialized courts or sections to deal with administrative cases which, as a rule, will apply procedural rules specifically designed for such cases and different from that applied in private-law proceedings, such as contract or tort claims.

In Brazil, unlike most Civil-law jurisdictions, there is no specialized court or section to deal with administrative cases.

In most jurisdictions bankruptcy is imposed by a court order, often initiated by the debtor.

It is also largely accepted in most jurisdictions that this principle can be overridden in the company's constitution.

In most jurisdictions, the law provides for a variety of remedies in the event of a breach by the directors of their duties:

The Fundamentals of Engineering exam-the first ( and more general ) of two licensure examinations for most U. S. jurisdictions — does now cover biology ( although technically not BME ).

For the second exam, called the Principles and Practices, Part 2, or the Professional Engineering exam, candidates may select a particular engineering discipline's content to be tested on ; there is currently not an option for BME with this, meaning that any biomedical engineers seeking a license must prepare to take this examination in another category ( which does not affect the actual license, since most jurisdictions do not recognize discipline specialties anyway ).

In most jurisdictions worldwide, gambling is limited to persons over the age of license ( 16 to 21 years of age in most countries where casinos are permitted ).

For example, in most jurisdictions, decisions by appellate courts are binding on lower courts in the same jurisdiction and on future decisions of the same appellate court, but decisions of lower courts are only non-binding persuasive authority.

For example, most areas of law in most Anglo-American jurisdictions include " statutory law " enacted by a legislature, " regulatory law " promulgated by executive branch agencies pursuant to delegation of rule-making authority from the legislature, and common law or " case law ", i. e., decisions issued by courts ( or quasi-judicial tribunals within agencies ).

By contrast, in civil law jurisdictions ( the legal tradition that prevails in, or is combined with common law in, Europe and most non-Islamic, non-common law countries ), courts lack authority to act where there is no statute, and judicial precedent is given less interpretive weight ( which means that a judge deciding a given case has more freedom to interpret the text of a statute independently, and less predictably ), and scholarly literature is given more.

For most purposes, most jurisdictions, including the U. S. federal system and most states, have merged the two courts.

He defied the Boston hierarchy, and after they sent a small army to get him he befuddled the court, including John Cotton, with one of the most complicated religious discourses ever heard.

In an FELA controversy the state court followed established state procedure by construing a vague complaint `` most strongly against '' the complainant.

In most U. S. states, and in U. S. federal courts, parties before the court are allowed one appeal as of right.

Charlemagne spent most winters between 792 and his death in 814 in Aachen, which became the focus of his court and the political centre of his empire.

It entailed the recruitment of clerical scholars from Mercia, Wales and abroad to enhance the tenor of the court and of the episcopacy ; the establishment of a court school to educate his own children, the sons of his nobles, and intellectually promising boys of lesser birth ; an attempt to require literacy in those who held offices of authority ; a series of translations into the vernacular of Latin works the king deemed " most necessary for all men to know "; the compilation of a chronicle detailing the rise of Alfred's kingdom and house ; and the issuance of a law code that presented the West Saxons as a new people of Israel and their king as a just and divinely inspired law-giver.

Both of these processes were in most cases brief and formulaic, but they opened up in the possibility, if some citizen wanted to take some matter up, of a contest before a jury court.

These and other works raised his reputation so high that the most flattering offers were sent to him from the Russian court to induce him to remove to St Petersburg, but these were declined, although many of his finest works made their way to the Hermitage Museum.

This resulted in two of his most original operas being consigned to his desk drawer, namely Cublai, gran kan de ' Tartari ( Kublai Grand Kahn of Tartary ) a satire on the autocracy and court intrigues at the court of the Russian Czarina, Catherine the Great, and Catilina ( Cataline ) a semi-comic-semi-tragic account of the Catiline conspiracy that attempted to overthrow the Roman republic during the consulship of Cicero.

In France, most claims against the national or local governments are handled by administrative courts, which use the Conseil d ' État ( Council of State ) as a court of last resort.

In Germany, the highest administrative court for most matters is the federal administrative court Bundesverwaltungsgericht.

The backhand clear is considered by most players and coaches to be the most difficult basic stroke in the game, since precise technique is needed in order to muster enough power for the shuttlecock to travel the full length of the court.

* 1 Kings 1-2: The end of the " court history of David " ( also called the Succession Narrative ), which also constitutes most of 2 Samuel 9-20.

This first connotation can be further differentiated into ( a ) pure common law arising from the traditional and inherent authority of courts to define what the law is, even in absence of an underlying statute, e. g., most criminal law and procedural law before the 20th century, and even today, most of contract law and the law of torts, and ( b ) court decisions that interpret and decide the fine boundaries and distinctions in law promulgated by other bodies.

Presupposed in Plato's system is a doctrine of levels of insight, in which a certain kind of detached understanding is alone capable of penetrating to the most sublime wisdom.

This, and other qualifications, make the cocktail party the most complete and most chaotic communication system ever dreamed up.

In any social system in which communications have an importance comparable with that of production and other human factors, a point like f in Figure 2 would ( other things being equal ) be the dwelling place for the community leader, while e and h would house the next most important citizens.

The problem is rather to find out what is actually happening, and this is especially difficult for the reason that `` we are busily being defended from a knowledge of the present, sometimes by the very agencies -- our educational system, our mass media, our statesmen -- on which we have had to rely most heavily for understanding of ourselves ''.

The cost of developing a major weapon system is now so enormous that the greatest care must be exercised in selecting new systems for development, in determining the most satisfactory rate of development, and in deciding the proper time at which either to place a system into production or to abandon it.

In spite of the defects in this system, the figures on total population during the late 1930's and again in the early 1950's seem to have represented actual conditions in most districts with approximate fidelity.

Of the potentially useful sources of ionizing radiations, gamma sources, cobalt-60, cesium-137, fission products, or a reactor irradiation loop system using a material such as an indium salt have received most attention for food-preservation systems.

When the frequency response characteristics of practical components are considered, their effect on stability does not present the most serious limit on the system loop gain.

An elaborate system of accounting and reports was worked out, and the trade was to be managed in the most scientific way.

Where the Roman model ( like most modern Japanese ) has 4 plus 1 bead per decimal place, the standard suanpan has 5 plus 2, allowing use with a hexadecimal numeral system.

This is to avoid the notion that a writing system that represents sounds must be either a syllabary or an alphabet, which implies that a system like Aramaic must be either a syllabary ( as argued by Gelb ) or an incomplete or deficient alphabet ( as most other writers have said ); rather, it is a different type.

One of the most fascinating and intriguing aspects of Ancestral Puebloan infrastructure is at Chaco Canyon and is the Chaco Road, a system of roads radiating out from many great house sites such as Pueblo Bonito, Chetro Ketl and Una Vida, and leading towards small outlier sites and natural features within and beyond the canyon limits.

Since in oral languages the elements of sound are for the most part produced linearly in time ( that is, in a word like cat the a sound comes after the c sound, and the t sound comes after that ), they can generally be easily written in a linear ( one-dimensional ) writing system such as an alphabet.

This ensures that ΔG and ΔH are nearly the same over a considerable range of temperatures and justifies the approximate empirical Principle of Thomsen and Berthelot, which states that the equilibrium state to which a system proceeds is the one which evolves the greatest amount of heat, i. e. an actual process is the most exothermic one.

Lists of these " year names " henceforth became a calendrical system used in most independent Mesopotamian city-states.

It was modified somewhat after it was restored under Eucleides ; the most detailed accounts are of this fourth-century modification rather than the Periclean system.

It most commonly refers to the numeral system widely used in Europe and the Americas.

Schools will vary in their approach, but in North America the most popular method taught derives from the " system " of Constantin Stanislavski, which was developed and popularised in America by Lee Strasberg, Stella Adler, and others.

To supplement air traffic control, most large transport aircraft and many smaller ones use a traffic alert and collision avoidance system ( TCAS ), which can detect the location of nearby aircraft, and provide instructions for avoiding a midair collision.

The most basic solution was a pure software system supplied on a ROM cartridge that drew a low resolution approximation of the mode 7 display in a graphics mode.

AppleTalk was at that time the most used networking system in the world, with over three times the installations of any other vendor.