Thus, the three main categories of antisubmarine warfare operations are defense of shipping, defense of naval forces, and area defense.

Artillery used by naval forces has changed significantly also, with missiles replacing guns in surface warfare.

One significant difference of modern naval battles as opposed to earlier forms of combat is the use of marines, which introduced amphibious warfare.

After the invention of cannons, naval warfare became useful as support units for land warfare.

During the 19th century, the development of mines led to a new type of naval warfare.

The invention of military submarines, during World War I, brought naval warfare to both above and below the surface.

Aircraft carriers have since become the central unit in naval warfare, acting as a mobile base for lethal aircraft.

Although the use of aircraft has for the most part always been used as a supplement to land or naval engagements, since their first major military use in World War I aircraft have increasingly taken on larger roles in warfare.

The convention in naval warfare of the time was that ships of the line did not attack frigates when there were ships of equal size to engage, but in firing first French Captain Claude-Jean Martin had negated the rule and Saumarez waited until the frigate was at close range before replying.

Cannon also transformed naval warfare in the early modern period, as European navies took advantage of their firepower.

Although widely used in naval warfare, and in anti-air guns, both the British and Americans feared unexploded proximity fuses would be reverse engineered leading to them limiting its use in continental battles.

There is debate in naval warfare circles as to the viability of carrier battle groups in 21st century naval warfare.

The CNO is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and is thus the principal adviser to the President of the United States, the Secretary of Defense and to the National Security Council on the conduct of naval warfare.

Submarines were more effective, and aircraft had become important weapons of naval warfare ; once again the fleet destroyers were ill-equipped for combating these new targets.

The advent of surface-to-air missiles and surface-to-surface missiles, such as the Exocet, in the early 1960s changed naval warfare.

At the beginning of the First Punic War, Rome had virtually no experience in naval warfare, whereas Carthage had a great deal of experience on the seas thanks to its centuries of sea-based trade.

Later, as Roman experience in naval warfare grew, the corvus device was abandoned due to its impact on the navigability of the war vessels.

The term " frigate " implied a long hull design, which relates directly to speed ( see hull speed ) and also, in turn, helped the development of the broadside tactic in naval warfare.

The first breech loading weapons were the swivel guns used in naval warfare.

Later technological improvements in machining technology enabled the devising of a pump mechanism discharging a stream of burning fluid ( flame thrower ) at close ranges, devastating wooden ships in naval warfare.

England contributed a young subaltern named Newton and the naval architect Samuel Bentham, brother to the economist, who for his colonel's commission was proving a godsend to the Russian fleet.

In Laos, the administration looked at the Eisenhower administration efforts to show determination by sailing a naval fleet into Southeast Asian waters as a useless gesture.

King Athelstan of Kent and Ealdorman Ealhhere had defeated a Viking fleet in 851, capturing nine ships, and Alfred himself had conducted naval actions in 882.

In the one recorded naval engagement in the year 896, Alfred's new fleet of nine ships intercepted six Viking ships in the mouth of an unidentified river along the south of England.

* 1350 – Battle of Winchelsea ( or Les Espagnols sur Mer ): The English naval fleet under King Edward III defeats a Castilian fleet of 40 ships.

* 1453 – The last naval battle in Byzantine history occurs, as three Genoese galleys escorting a Byzantine transport fight their way through the huge Ottoman blockade fleet and into the Golden Horn.

During the naval expansion of Aegina during the Archaic Period, Kydonia was an ideal maritime stop for Aegina's fleet on its way to other Mediterranean ports controlled by the emerging sea-power Aegina.

Thereafter he constructed a fleet and naval arsenal at Seville to repel future raids.

He instructed his naval commander, Vice-Admiral François-Paul Brueys D ' Aigalliers, to anchor in Alexandria harbour, but naval surveyors reported that the channel into the harbour was too shallow and narrow for the larger ships of the French fleet.

It is possible that Bonaparte envisaged Aboukir Bay as a temporary anchorage: on 27 July he expressed the expectation that Brueys had already transferred his ships to Alexandria and three days later issued orders for the fleet to make for Corfu in preparation for naval operations against the Ottoman territories in the Balkans, although the courier carrying the instructions was intercepted and killed by Bedouin partisans.

" Historian and novelist C. S. Forester, writing in 1929, compared the Nile to the great naval actions in history and concluded that " it still only stands rivalled by Tsu-Shima as an example of the annihilation of one fleet by another of approximately equal material force ".

The Persian naval victory at the Battle of Lade ( 494 BC ) all but ended the Ionian Revolt, and by 493 BC, the last hold-outs were vanquished by the Persian fleet.

In the naval front the Ottoman fleet twice exited the Dardanelles and was twice defeated by the Greek Navy, in the battles of Elli and Lemnos.

Following the fall of the Shah of Iran and the Iran Hostage Crisis in 1979 – 1980, the West became concerned with ensuring the flow of oil from the Persian Gulf through the Strait of Hormuz, and the US received permission for a $ 400 million expansion of the military facilities on Diego Garcia consisting of two parallel runways, expansive parking aprons for heavy bombers, 20 new anchorages in the lagoon, a deep water pier, port facilities for the largest naval vessels in the US or British fleet, aircraft hangars, maintenance buildings and an air terminal, a fuel storage area, and billeting and messing facilities for thousands of sailors and support personnel.

In naval terminology, a destroyer is a fast and maneuverable yet long-endurance warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, convoy or battle group and defend them against smaller, powerful, short-range attackers.

Life in the Mediterranean fleet was considerably easier than cadet life, with visits to friendly ports all around the Mediterranean, but Beatty was concerned to work diligently towards naval examinations, which would determine seniority and future promotion prospects.

In 1808, under a British naval escort, the fleet arrived in Brazil.

Following the conclusive naval victory off Drepana in 249 BC, Carthage ruled the seas as Rome was unwilling to finance the construction of yet another expensive fleet.

Nevertheless the Carthaginian faction that opposed the conflict, led by the land-owning aristocrat Hanno the Great, gained power and in 244 BC, and considering the war to be over, started the demobilization of the fleet, giving the Romans a chance to again attain naval superiority.

Perhaps in response to Hamilcar's raids, Rome did build another fleet paid for with donations from wealthy citizens and it was that fleet which rendered the Carthaginian success in Sicily futile, as the stalemate Hamilcar produced in Sicily became irrelevant following the Roman naval victory at the Battle of the Aegates Islands in 241 BC, where the new Roman fleet under consul Gaius Lutatius Catulus was victorious over an undermanned and hastily built Carthaginian fleet.

Records of its use in later naval battles against the Saracens are more sporadic, but it did secure a number of victories, especially in the phase of Byzantine expansion in the late 9th and early 10th centuries.

Venetians gathered together a large naval force, including hired fleets from Peter IV of Aragon and from Byzantine Empire of John VI Cantacuzene.

As to the agreement, John V with a Byzantine naval fleet went to Phocaea, paid the ransom demanded of 100, 000 Byzantine gold pieces, and brought Khalil back to Ottoman territory.

The naval battle was decided in the Sicilians ' favour, and the Byzantine commander was captured.

So furious were the Byzantine officials at this harsh rejection of the wishes of their emperor and patriarch that they threatened to roast Eugene, just as they had roasted Pope Martin I. Eugene was saved from the fate of his predecessor by the advance of the Muslims, who took Rhodes in 654 and defeated Constans himself in the naval battle of Phoenix ( 655 ).

* 1043: the Byzantine Empire and Kievan Rus engage in a naval confrontation, although a later treaty is signed between two parties that included the marriage alliance of Vsevolod I of Kiev to a princess daughter of Constantine IX Monomachos.

* The Byzantine Empire wins a naval battle over the Ottoman Empire near Megara, Greece.

Chris Wickham states Louis spent five years campaigning to reduce then occupy Bari, " and then only to a Byzantine / Slav naval blockade "; " Louis took the credit " for the success, adding " at least in Frankish eyes ", then concludes by noting that by remaining in southern Italy long after this success, he " achieved the near-impossible: an alliance against him of the Beneventans, Salernitans, Neapolitans and Spoletans ; later sources include Sawadān as well.

888 a ' naval raid by Byzantine ended in a bankruptcy.

Early flame weapons date from the Byzantine era, whose inhabitants used rudimentary hand-pumped flamethrowers on board their naval ships in the early 1st century AD ( see Greek fire ).

Also, during his reign there was a temporary naval revival in which the Byzantine navy consisted of 80 ships.

He sent Raynald of Châtillon ( the former prince of Antioch through marriage to Amalric I's cousin Constance of Antioch ) to Constantinople as envoy to Manuel I Comnenus, to obtain Byzantine naval support.

Archontes were also placed in charge of various naval bases and trade stations, as well as semi-autonomous Slavic-inhabited areas ( sclaviniae ) under Byzantine sovereignty.

The Byzantine Empire had its naval headquarters there, and walls were built along the shoreline to protect the city of Constantinople from naval attacks.

* Megas droungarios – Initially the commander-in-chief of the Byzantine navy, after the creation of the megas doux his lieutenant, in charge of the naval officers.

* Aegean Sea ( theme ), a naval theme of the Byzantine Empire

About 700 Varangians served along with Dalmatians as marines in Byzantine naval expeditions against the Emirate of Crete in 902 and a force of 629 returned to Crete under Constantine Porphyrogenitus in 949.

In 1177, King Baldwin IV, and Philip of Alsace who had recently arrived on pilgrimage, planned an alliance with the Byzantine Empire for a naval attack on Egypt ; but none of these plans came to fruition.

Meanwhile the Republic of Venice, Pisa and Genoa were able to conquer their naval empires on the Mediterranean sea ( in 1204 Venice conquered one-fourth of Byzantine Empire in the Fourth Crusade ).

In the Middle Ages it was under the influence of the Byzantine Empire, and during the 13th century it was used by the Venitian Republic as a naval base.