A substantial increase is estimated in the cost of operating additional communications systems in the air defense program, as well as in all programs where speed and security of communications are essential.

In total, these increases in operating costs outweigh the savings that result from declining programs and from economy measures, such as reduced numbers of units and installations, smaller inventories of major equipment, and improvements in the supply and distribution systems of the Armed Forces.

The current drawn by typical constant-voltage energy distribution systems is usually dictated by the power ( watts ) consumed by the system and the operating voltage.

Harvesting is performed by divers using surface supplied air " hookah " systems operating from runabout style, outboard powered boats.

The majority of aircraft power their avionics using 14-or 28 ‑ volt DC electrical systems ; however, larger, more sophisticated aircraft ( such as airliners or military combat aircraft ) have AC systems operating at 400 Hz, 115 volts AC.

It is natively supported by most operating systems / GUIs for drawing windows ( where applicable ) or widgets:

AIX ( Advanced Interactive eXecutive, pronounced ) is a series of proprietary Unix operating systems developed and sold by IBM for several of its computer platforms.

It is one of four commercial operating systems that are presently certified to The Open Group's UNIX 03 standard.

The AIX family of operating systems debuted in 1986, became the standard operating system for the RS / 6000 series on its launch in 1990, and is still actively developed by IBM.

AIX was the first operating system to utilize journaling file systems, and IBM has continuously enhanced the software with features like processor, disk and network virtualization, dynamic hardware resource allocation ( including fractional processor units ), and reliability engineering ported from its mainframe designs.

Version 4. 1, in a slightly modified form, was also the standard operating system for the Apple Network Server systems sold by Apple Computer to complement the Macintosh line.

Category: IBM operating systems

Category: Power operating systems

Category: PowerPC operating systems

It is included in most Windows Server operating systems.

The first BBSes used homebrew software, quite often written or customized by the SysOps themselves, running on early S-100 microcomputer systems such as the Altair, IMSAI and Cromemco under the CP / M operating system.

By 1995, many of the DOS-based BBSes had begun switching to modern multitasking operating systems, such as OS / 2, Windows 95, and Linux.

Almost universally, home computers of the 1980s had a ROM-resident BASIC interpreter, allowing the machines to boot directly into BASIC which therefore constituted a significant and visible part of the user interface of many home computers ' rudimentary operating systems.

JPI first launched a MS-DOS compiler named JPI Modula-2, that later became TopSpeed Modula-2, and followed up with TopSpeed C, TopSpeed C ++ and TopSpeed Pascal compilers for both the MS-DOS and OS / 2 operating systems.

However, as of 2011 adoption of the new terms has been slow and usage has been limited in the marketplace and in the press, with notable exceptions such as Linux operating systems, several textbooks and scientific research papers.

* Several computer operating systems have various methods of running software originally designed for older versions or other OSs:

Their operating systems, called MCP ( Master Control Program — the name later borrowed by the screenwriters for Tron ), were programmed in ESPOL ( Executive Systems Programming Oriented Language, a minor extension of ALGOL ), and later in NEWP ( with further extensions to ALGOL ) almost a decade before Unix.

Because of this, is usually a more effective choice under these operating systems ; sensitivity for these two combinations can be enhanced by the CONFIG. SYS statement.

Winelib, a part of the Wine project, is the inverse of Cygwin-it is a free and open source compatibility layer for Unix-like operating systems on the x86 or x86-64 architecture that can allow programs written for Microsoft Windows to run on Unix-like operating systems.

Another study was started to see if a new RISC architecture could be defined that could directly support the VMS operating system.

The Alpha chips showed that manual circuit design applied to a simpler, cleaner architecture allowed for much higher operating frequencies than those that were possible with the more automated design systems.

The GNU Project chose the microkernel server – client architecture for the operating system, due to perceived advantages over the traditional Unix monolithic kernel architecture.

IRIX is a computer operating system developed by Silicon Graphics, Inc. ( SGI ) to run natively on their MIPS architecture workstations and servers.

The 80386 added a 32-bit architecture and a paging translation unit, which made it much easier to implement operating systems that used virtual memory.

Several groups developed operating systems for the architecture, including Microsoft Windows, Linux, and UNIX variants such as HP-UX, Solaris,

With new processor hardware, new memory hardware and a novel memory architecture, a new compiler port, a new port of a relatively new operating system, and exposed memory hazards, early systems were noted for frequent system crashes.

MINIX is a Unix-like computer operating system based on a microkernel architecture created by Andrew S. Tanenbaum for educational purposes ; MINIX also inspired the creation of the Linux kernel.

A monolithic kernel is an operating system architecture where the entire operating system is working in the kernel space and alone as supervisor mode.

The monolithic differs from other operating system architectures ( such as the microkernel architecture ) in that it defines alone a high-level virtual interface over computer hardware, with a set of primitives or system calls to implement all operating system services such as process management, concurrency, and memory management itself and one or more device drivers as modules. Structure of monolithic kernel, microkernel and hybrid kernel-based operating systems

This modularity of the operating system is at the binary ( image ) level and not at the architecture level.

The operating system was ported to Intel's architecture because of a change in NeXT's business strategy.

Over the next five years the NeXTSTEP operating system was ported to the PowerPC architecture.

Other operating systems ported to the PA-RISC architecture include Linux, OpenBSD, NetBSD and NEXTSTEP.

Sun products included computer servers and workstations built on its own RISC-based SPARC processor architecture as well as on x86 based AMD's Opteron and Intel's Xeon processors ; storage systems ; and a suite of software products including the Solaris operating system, developer tools, Web infrastructure software, and identity management applications.

The Model 67 introduced a virtual memory architecture which was used by MTS, CP-67, and TSS / 360, but not by IBM's mainline System / 360 operating systems.

With the VM architecture, most users run a relatively simple interactive computing single-user operating system, CMS, as a " guest " on top of the VM control program ( VM-CP ).

Virtual machines can also perform the role of an emulator, allowing software applications and operating systems written for another computer processor architecture to be run.

The operating system level architecture has low overhead that helps to maximize efficient use of server resources.