It is also concerned with the physics of laser beam propagation, particularly the physics of Gaussian beams, with laser applications, and with associated fields such as nonlinear optics and quantum optics.

During sunrise and sunset sunlight is attenuated due to Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering from a particularly long passage through Earth's atmosphere, and the Sun is sometimes faint enough to be viewed comfortably with the naked eye or safely with optics ( provided there is no risk of bright sunlight suddenly appearing through a break between clouds ).

In optics ( particularly in fiberoptics ) a loss that takes place at discontinuities of refractive index, especially at an air-glass interface such as a fiber endface.

In 1812, Biot turned his attention to the study of optics, particularly the polarization of light.

The Business park Spilburg, former barracks, became home to a number of innovative enterprises, particularly in the area of optics / precision mechanics, information technology and services.

The field benefited significantly from technological advances, particularly advances in flexible fiber optics during the 1970s and 1980s.

* Encyclopedia of laser physics and technology, with content on quantum optics ( particularly quantum noise in lasers ), by Rüdiger Paschotta.

Many EF lenses include such features as Canon's ultrasonic motor ( USM ) drive, an image stabilization system ( IS ), diffractive optics ( DO ) and, particularly for L-series lenses, fluorite and aspherical lens elements.

During his Greifswald years he worked on the computation of scattering of an electromagnetic wave by a homogeneous dielectric sphere, which was published in 1908 under the title of “ Contributions to the optics of turbid media, particularly of colloidal metal solutions ” in " Annalen der Physik ".

Advances in hardware and software, particularly improved optics and fast detectors, have dramatically improved the analytical capability of the technique, especially relative to the speed of the analysis.

Nušl was a very gifted experimenter, particularly interested in geometrical optics and in geodetical instruments.

Labeyrie concentrated particularly on the use of " diluted optics " beam combination or " densified pupils " of a similar type but larger scale than those Michelson used for measuring the diameters of stars in the 1920s, in contrast to other astronomical interferometer researchers who generally switched to pupil-plane beam combination in the 1980s and 1990s.

* Canon and Nikon in high end imaging optics, film and digital cameras ( especially in DSLRs )

A lump of hafnium which has been oxidized on one side and exhibits Thin-film optics | thin film optical effects.

Lightweight sound-sensitive plastic film and fibre optics have been used for hydrophones ( acousto-electric transducers for in-water use ), while Terfenol-D and PMN ( lead magnesium niobate ) have been developed for projectors.

The optics of the eye create an image of the visual world on the retina, which serves much the same function as the film in a camera.

Live-action special effects and analog optics were used in place of animation to keep the visual effects budget low and give the film a more realistic look.

In the case of photographic film cameras the calculation is simple ; the final magnification is the product of: the objective lens magnification, the camera optics magnification and the enlargement factor of the film print relative to the negative.

As with a film camera the final magnification is the product of: the objective lens magnification, the camera optics magnification and the enlargement factor.

The amount of light hitting the film or detector is also increased by increasing the diameter of the primary optics ( the objective ) being used.

* Prime focus – In this method the image produced by the telescope falls directly on the film or CCD with no intervening optics or telescope eyepiece.

A Hasselblad 500 EL Data camera with Carl Zeiss optics and a 70-mm film magazine, similar to the cameras used by the Apollo program astronauts during the lunar landing missions.

Its movie camera | movie film camera, bolted to the top of the cabinet, used Kodak optics.

Besides optical testing, applications of lateral shearing interferometry have included thin film analysis, refractive index measurement, collimation testing, and adaptive optics.

With the advent of artificial lighting and faster ( more light sensitive ) film stocks, in addition to technological advancements in optics and new techniques such as color film and widescreen, the technical aspects of cinematography necessitated a specialist in that area.

Dichroic filter s are created using thin film optics.

Another small experiment carrier located in the payload bay was the Hitchiker G-1 ( HHG-1 ), which carried three experiments to study film particles in the orbiter environment, test a new heat transfer system and determine the effects of contamination and atomic oxygen on ultraviolet optics materials, respectively.

Viewpoint refers to the position from which something is viewed, and point-of-view in film refers to the view captured by the camera ’ s optics.

It is useful in the manufacture of optics ( for reflective, anti-reflective coatings or self-cleaning glass, for instance ), electronics ( layers of insulators, semiconductors, and conductors form integrated circuits ), packaging ( i. e., aluminium-coated PET film ), and in contemporary art ( see the work of Larry Bell ).

By this time, Braun's film slide projectors were featuring high-quality optics and all-metal construction combined with sleek functionalist styling, and competed with higher-end Eastman Kodak and Leitz products in the global market.

The Rolleiflex TLR film cameras were notable for their exceptional build quality, compact size, modest weight, superior optics, durable, simple, reliable mechanics and bright viewfinders.

Shrink film attributes include shrink, sealability, optics, toughness, and slip.

The film is set in an optics factory during the Second World War.

Depth of focus is a lens optics concept that measures the tolerance of placement of the image plane ( the film plane in a camera ) in relation to the lens.

In optics and photography, a device to remove, or to enhance, certain ranges of wavelengths ( colors ) of light.

* Photographic and Imaging Manufacturers Association ( 1999 ) American national standard for photography ( optics ): rangefinders and other focusing aids – performance specifications ( revision and redesignation of " ANSI PH3. 619-1988 " as " ANSI / PIMA IT3. 619-1998 ") American National Standards Institute, New York,, 14 pages

The synthetic schlieren method is a technique similar to schlieren photography which makes use of digital photography and image processing rather than optics to visualize the density variations of a fluid.

( viii ) optics and photography to improve image resolution, and ( ix ) acoustics and sound.

* Effective focal length, a term in optics and photography

* More rarely, 35 mm equivalent focal length, a term in optics and photography

Also, when considering lens design, the " APO " designation is used more conservatively in astronomy-related optics ( e. g. telescopes ) than in photography.

In optics and photography, hyperfocal distance is a distance beyond which all objects can be brought into an " acceptable " focus.

For in-depth informations behind the laws of optics regarding the influence that focal length and different formats have on field sizes, see 35 mm equivalent focal length, crop factor, image sensor format, and Digital photography: Sensor size and angle of view.

* Optical-Optical recording heads use the principles of optics and light to impart energy on a recording medium, which accepts the energy in a readable manner, e. g. by melting or photography.

From his early photography days he had had an interest in cutting-edge technology and, according to friend and former chief of staff John Merritt, " pushed the House of Representatives to televise its activities on C-SPAN, helped bring computers and fiber optics to Congress and was ' behind just about every tech advancement Congress made while he was there '".

Subfields within imaging science include: image processing, 3D computer graphics, animations, atmospheric optics, astronomical imaging, digital image restoration, digital imaging, color science, digital photography, holography, magnetic resonance imaging, medical imaging, microdensitometry, optics, photography, remote sensing, radar imaging, radiometry, silver halide, ultrasound imaging, photoacoustic imaging, thermal imaging, visual perception, and various printing technologies.

In 1867, Dr. Désiré van Monckhoven, in one of the earliest books on photographic optics, draws a distinction betweens stops and diaphragms in photography, but not in optics, saying:

In photography and optics, vignetting (; French: " vignette ") is a reduction of an image's brightness or saturation at the periphery compared to the image center.

Some of the higher-end lenses of the Schneider line are among the most expensive optics available in large format photography.

In optics and photography, infinity focus is the state where a lens or other optical system forms an image of an object an infinite distance away.

They include institutes of: soils study, zoology, optics, aerial photography, Precambrian and general geology, polymers, world ethnography and anthropology, physiology, chemistry of silicate and fireproof compounds.

In photography and optics, a neutral density filter or ND filter is a filter that reduces and / or modifies intensity of all wavelengths or colors of light equally, giving no changes in hue of color rendition.