In chemistry, an alcohol is an organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (- OH ) is bound to a carbon atom.

The circle symbol for aromaticity was introduced by Sir Robert Robinson and his student James Armit in 1925 and popularized starting in 1959 by the Morrison & Boyd textbook on organic chemistry.

In organic chemistry, compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen are divided into two classes: aromatic compounds, which contain benzene or similar rings of atoms, and aliphatic compounds (; G. aleiphar, fat, oil ), which do not contain those rings.

* Ad, an abbreviation in organic chemistry for Adamantyl

During this period significant analytical contributions to chemistry include the development of systematic elemental analysis by Justus von Liebig and systematized organic analysis based on the specific reactions of functional groups.

Starting in approximately the 1970s into the present day analytical chemistry has progressively become more inclusive of biological questions ( bioanalytical chemistry ), whereas it had previously been largely focused on inorganic or small organic molecules.

In organic chemistry, an alkene, olefin, or olefine is an unsaturated chemical compound containing at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond.

The later discovery of Friedrich Wöhler that many natural substances, organic compounds, can indeed be synthesized in a chemistry laboratory also helped the modern chemistry to mature from its infancy.

Fields of specialization include biochemistry, nuclear chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, polymer chemistry, analytical chemistry, theoretical chemistry, quantum chemistry, environmental chemistry, and physical chemistry.

Biochemistry and organic chemistry are closely related, for example, in medicinal chemistry.

The distinction between organic and inorganic disciplines is not absolute and there is much overlap, most importantly in the sub-discipline of organometallic chemistry.

* Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, mechanisms, and chemical reaction of organic compounds.

* Cracking ( chemistry ), the decomposition of complex organic molecules into smaller ones

In organic chemistry a carbonate can also refer to a functional group within a larger molecule that contains a carbon atom bound to three oxygen atoms, one of which is double bonded.

In addition, water quality is affected by the interaction of dissolved oxygen with organic material and various chemical transformations that may take place.

Recent changes have included the addition of an organic class, in both the new Dana and the Strunz classification schemes.

In addition to Barrow ’ s original method, both non-aqueous-employing organic solvents-and vaporous-the Library of Congress ’ DEZ ( diethyl zinc ) treatment-methods of achieving the same results have been researched in an attempt to reduce time, labor, and cost requirements.

The experiments showed that simple organic compounds of building blocks of proteins and other macromolecules can be formed from gases with the addition of energy.

In addition to organic charge transfer complexes, technically, electrically conductive polymers are mostly derivatives of polyacetylene black ( the " simplest melanin ").

This characteristic has made it a useful addition to no-till and low-till farming practices which attempt to maximise the erosion-prevention benefits of keeping organic matter and farming residues present on the soil surface through the year.

The complex niobium and tantalum fluorides are extracted separately from the organic solvent with water, and either precipitated by the addition of potassium fluoride to produce a potassium fluoride complex, or precipitated with ammonia as the pentoxide:

In addition, organic fertilizers such as compost and worm castings break down slowly into complex organic structures ( humus ) which build the soil's structure and moisture-and nutrient-retaining capabilities.

In addition, landfill gas impact in global warming, volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) contained within landfill gas contribute to the formation of photochemical smog.

Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate ( PO < sub > 4 </ sub >< sup > 3 -</ sup >) group to a protein or other organic molecule.

In organic chemistry, hydrate is a compound formed by the addition of water or its elements to another molecule.

Self-quenching or internal-quenching tubes stop the discharge without external assistance, by means of the addition of a small amount of a polyatomic organic vapor such as butane or ethanol ; or alternatively a halogen such as bromine or chlorine.

In addition to measuring in aqueous systems, CD, particularly far-UV CD, can be measured in organic solvents e. g. ethanol, methanol, trifluoroethanol ( TFE ).

* Anti addition in organic chemistry

In addition, he wrote on the Warm and the Cold, on Water, Fire, the Sea, on Coagulation and Melting, on various phenomena of organic and spiritual life, and on the Soul and Sensuous Perception.

This is in addition to both being near extinction and having organic / nature inspired looking crafts of all sorts.

These mangroves are important nursery grounds for nearly all major angling fish including Yellowfin Bream ( Acanthopagrus australis ), Flat-tail Sea-Mullet ( Liza argentea ), Luderick ( Girella tricuspidata ) and Sand Whiting ( Sillago ciliata ) which are caught in adjoining waters as adults, mangroves also provide rich organic matter to the Port Hacking Estuary by fixing carbon into the river system through the addition of leaves into the thick rich black mud.

Today, in addition to the apple orchard the farm is home to a certified organic Community Supported Agriculture program ; this program attracts the majority of the town's residents.

In addition to olive oil, the main agricultural product of Palestinians in the West Bank, Green Action also sells za ' atar, dibbes, organic fruit jam, herbal infusion and pressed olives.

The basic organic chemistry reaction types are addition reactions, elimination reactions, substitution reactions, pericyclic reactions, rearrangement reactions, photochemical reactions and redox reactions.

In addition, commercial seed companies and plant breeders rarely invest resources into developing resistant cultivars for more minor or speciality crops, which often tend to be those of greater interest to the organic grower.

In addition to donor groups that are provided by amino acid residues, a large number of organic cofactors function as ligands.

In addition to " from-scratch " new-built communities ( including those physically retrofitting / re-using existing structures ), there are also " retrofit " ( aka " organic ") communities in which neighbors create " intentional neighborhoods " by buying adjacent properties and removing fences.

The high cost of land and a few operational problems resulting from excessive loadings have created the need for a wastewater treatment system with the operational characteristics of the oxidation pond but with the ability to treat more organic matter per unit volume.

Forest fires release absorbed carbon back into the atmosphere, as does deforestation due to rapidly increased oxidation of soil organic matter.

An example of organic reaction: Baeyer – Villiger oxidation | oxidation of ketone s to ester s with a Peroxy acid | peroxycarboxylic acid

In organic compounds, such as butane or ethanol, the loss of hydrogen implies oxidation of the molecule from which it is lost ( and the hydrogen is reduced ).

Fuels are chosen on the basis of the exothermicity of their oxidation, ranging from powdered metals such as aluminium or magnesium, or organic materials, possibly with a self-contained partial oxidant.

They are chemoorganotrophs, obtaining their energy from oxidation and reduction reactions using organic sources, and are facultative anaerobes.

The Swern oxidation, named after Daniel Swern, is a chemical reaction whereby a primary or secondary alcohol is oxidized to an aldehyde or ketone using oxalyl chloride, dimethyl sulfoxide ( DMSO ) and an organic base, such as triethylamine.

Dimethyl sulfide, a byproduct of the Swern oxidation, is one of the most foul odors known in organic chemistry.

The resulting aeration of the soil leads to the oxidation of its organic components, such as peat, and this decomposition process may cause significant land subsidence.

In organic chemistry, the hydroboration – oxidation reaction is a two-step organic reaction that converts an alkene into a neutral alcohol by the net addition of water across the double bond.

The practices that influence soil structure will decline under most forms of cultivation — the associated mechanical mixing of the soil compacts and shears aggregates and fills pore spaces ; it also exposes organic matter to a greater rate of decay and oxidation ( Young & Young, 2001 ).

The liquid in such a vessel becomes increasingly enriched in oxygen ( boiling point ) as the nitrogen evaporates, and can cause violent oxidation of organic material.

Chloramines are often an unwanted side product of oxidation reactions of organic compounds ( with amino groups ) with bleach.

In biochemistry, chemosynthesis is the biological conversion of one or more carbon molecules ( usually carbon dioxide or methane ) and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation of inorganic molecules ( e. g. hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide ) or methane as a source of energy, rather than sunlight, as in photosynthesis.

SVE and MPE utilize different technologies to treat the off-gas volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) generated after vacuum removal of air and vapors ( and VOCs ) from the subsurface and include granular activated carbon ( most commonly used historically ), thermal and / or catalytic oxidation and vapor condensation.

Carbon monoxide is a product of incomplete combustion of organic matter due to insufficient oxygen supply to enable complete oxidation to carbon dioxide ( CO < sub > 2 </ sub >).

This respiratory process reduces oxidized forms of nitrogen in response to the oxidation of an electron donor such as organic matter.

The particles may be composed of dust or clay, soot or black carbon from grassland or forest fires, sea salt from ocean wave spray, soot from factory smokestacks or internal combustion engines, sulfate from volcanic activity, phytoplankton or the oxidation of sulfur dioxide and secondary organic matter formed by the oxidation of VOCs.

The classification of organic compounds into homologous series was advanced as one consequence of his researches into the acids generated by the oxidation of the alcohols.

step 1: cycloheptatriene 2 + 2 cycloaddition with dichloro ketene step 2: diazomethane insertion reaction step 3: dehydrohalogenation reaction with dimethylformamide | DMF step 4: Luche reduction to alcohol with sodium borohydride step 5: elimination reaction with Burgess reagent step 6: organic oxidation | oxidation with p-chloranil step 7: dehalogenation with PMHS, palladium ( II ) acetate, potassium phosphate and the DPDB ligand