The decisions of the Supreme Court in cases such as Calvert Cliffs Coordinating Committee v. U. S. Atomic Energy Commission ( broadly reading the procedural requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act ), Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill ( broadly reading the Endangered Species Act ), and, much more recently, Massachusetts v. EPA ( requiring EPA to reconsider regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act ) have had policy impacts far beyond the facts of the particular case.

Determining whether a particular event or proceeding constitutes the commencement of adversarial criminal proceedings requires both an examination of the rules of criminal procedure for the jurisdiction in which the crime is charged and the Supreme Courts cases dealing with the issue of when formal prosecution begins.

They either totaled the number of delegates elected to the Supreme People's Assembly ( each delegate representing 50, 000 people before 1962 and 30, 000 people afterward ) or relied on official statements that a certain number of persons, or percentage of the population, was engaged in a particular activity.

For the first time, judicial determination was sought, but the effort proved futile: the Supreme Court could not find a majority agreeing on any particular principle, and therefore instructed the trial court to dismiss the case.

Attempts were made to reintroduce legal bans, but the Supreme Court ruled that bans on teaching evolutionary biology are unconstitutional as they violate the establishment clause of the US constitution, which forbids the government from advancing a particular religion.

To determine whether a particular state statute that restrains competition was intended to be preempted by the Act, courts will engage in a two-step analysis, as set forth by the Supreme Court in Rice v. Norman Williams Co ..

In United States law, the Supreme Court of the United States has stated, " In essence the question of standing is whether the litigant is entitled to have the court decide the merits of the dispute or of particular issues.

The Civil Division is bound by the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom when making decisions, and is normally bound by its own previous decisions, with four exceptions ; where the previous decision was made without the judges knowing of a particular law, where there are two previous conflicting decisions, where there is a later, conflicting Supreme Court or House of Lords decision and where a law was assumed to exist in a previous case but did not.

There are numerous instances where the US Supreme Court has found that state courts have reasonably concluded that " the health, safety, morals, or general welfare " would be promoted by prohibiting particular contemplated uses of land.

In 1871, the Supreme Court ruled that the 1870 statute was unconstitutional and that Congress had exceeded its power by invading the province of the judicial branch by prescribing the rule of decision in a particular cause.

His argument in the case of Jones v. Van Zandt on the constitutionality of fugitive slave laws before the U. S. Supreme Court attracted particular attention.

It will then be the business of the radical, as it is now, not to take an appointment as justice of the Supreme Court, not to perform any particular function as a part of the established order, but to stand apart and speak his mind about the established order .... A radical who wishes to continue being a radical cannot do so if he is an essential part of the existing order, for then he owes a certain fealty to his position.

Justice Douglas's concurrence reflected the absolutist position that only he and Black, among Supreme Court justices, ever fully subscribed to, namely that the phrase " no law " in the First Amendment ought to be interpreted very literally, and that all speech is immune from prosecution, regardless of the governmental interests advanced in suppressing some particular instance of speech.

The Commentaries had a particular influence in the United States ; James Iredell, an original Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States wrote that the Commentaries were " Books admirably calculated for a young Student, and indeed may instruct the most learned.

Civil as well as criminal charges were brought against the organizers of the strike and Debs in particular, and the Supreme Court issued a unanimous decision, In re Debs rejected Debs ' actions.

On January 17, 1990, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that sales of religious literature were subject to taxation, which introduced ambiguity into the formerly tax-free practice of suggesting a particular donation in exchange for the magazines.

In Chile the judge investigating this case, Alejandro Solís, definitively terminated the prosecution of Pinochet for this particular case after the Chilean Supreme court rejected a demand to revoke his immunity from prosecution in January 2005.

Supreme Court President Dorit Beinisch, wrote that " Israel's basic legal principles hold that the right to use force in general, and the right to enforce criminal law by putting people behind bars in particular, is one of the most fundamental and one of the most invasive powers in the state's jurisdiction.

The pardon may be either general, when it is granted to all those covered by a specific law passed by qualified quorum in National Congress, or particular, when it is granted by Supreme Decree of the President of the Republic.

These culminated in a landmark 1980 decision of the Supreme Court of California, Sindell v. Abbott Laboratories, in which the court imposed a rebuttable presumption of market share liability upon all DES manufacturers, proportional to their share of the market at the time the drug was consumed by the mother of a particular plaintiff.

In particular, in New Brunswick Broadcasting Co. v. Nova Scotia ( Speaker of the House of Assembly ), the Supreme Court of Canada said that s. 52 ( 2 ) was not an exhaustive listing of all that comprised the Constitution.

Thus the High Court may hear appeals from the Supreme Court of Nauru in both criminal and civil cases, with certain exceptions ; in particular, no case pertaining to the Constitution of Nauru may be decided by the Australian court.

In Chile, the judge investigating this case, Alejandro Solis, definitively relaxed Pinochet on this particular case, after the Chilean Supreme court rejected in January 2005 a demand to lift the ex-dictator's immunity.

A friend of mine in New Mexico said the Court order had caused no particular trouble out there, that all had gone as merry as a marriage bell.

Common positions relate to defining a European foreign policy towards a particular third-country such as the promotion of human rights and democracy in Burma, a region such as the stabilisation efforts in the African Great Lakes, or a certain issue such as support for the International Criminal Court.

There is no clear evidence that the United States actually exercised such a degree of control as to justify treating the contras as acting on its behalf ... Having reached the above conclusion, the Court takes the view that the Contras remain responsible for their acts, in particular the alleged violations by them of humanitarian law.

* the person is an undischarged bankrupt, or disqualified by a Court from holding a directorship, unless given leave to act in respect of a particular company or companies.

The Court found that " differential taxation of speakers, even members of the press, does not implicate the First Amendment unless the tax is directed at, or presents the danger of suppressing, particular ideas.

However, in Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston,, the Court ruled that a group may exclude people from membership if their presence would affect the group's ability to advocate a particular point of view.

In Gregg, the Court found, in a 7-2 ruling, that Georgia's new death penalty laws passed Eighth Amendment scrutiny: the statutes provided a bifurcated trial in which guilt and sentence were determined separately ; and, the statutes provided for " specific jury findings " followed by state supreme court review comparing each death sentence " with the sentences imposed on similarly situated defendants to ensure that the sentence of death in a particular case is not disproportionate.

The Court ruled that a Louisiana law requiring that creation science be taught in public schools, along with evolution, was unconstitutional because the law was specifically intended to advance a particular religion.

The Court concluded, "... relief is not a matter of absolute right to either party ; it is a matter resting in the discretion of the court, to be exercised upon a consideration of all the circumstances of each particular case.

In particular, there were calls to convert the Court of Policy into an assembly with ten elected members, to ease voter qualifications, and to abolish the College of Electors.

" As to the Dormant Commerce Clause in particular, the Court clarified that, while not a pro tanto repeal, the Twenty-First Amendment nonetheless " primarily created an exception to the normal operation of the Commerce Clause.

Compare Barnette v. State, 481 So. 2d 788, 792 ( Miss. 1985 ) ( cited by the Court ), with McGowen v. State, 859 So. 2d 320, 339-340 ( Miss. 2003 ) ( the Sixth Amendment does not require confrontation with the particular analyst who conducted the test ).

Courts: The county maintains a Circuit Court can handle all types of cases, unless a particular case type is specifically reserved to another court.

The Committee notes with concern the restrictive interpretation made by the State party of its obligations under the Covenant, as a result in particular of ( a ) its position that the Covenant does not apply with respect to individuals under its jurisdiction but outside its territory, nor in time of war, despite the contrary opinions and established jurisprudence of the Committee and the International Court of Justice ; ( b ) its failure to take fully into consideration its obligation under the Covenant not only to respect, but also to ensure the rights prescribed by the Covenant ; and ( c ) its restrictive approach to some substantive provisions of the Covenant, which is not in conformity with the interpretation made by the Committee before and after the State party ’ s ratification of the Covenant.

The Court of Chancery, known both nationally and internationally for its speed, competence, and knowledgeable judiciary as a court of equity, is empowered to grant broad relief in the form of injunctions and restraining orders, which is of particular importance when shareholders seek to block or enjoin corporate actions such as mergers or acquisitions.

In particular, the Court held that the school systems were not responsible for desegregation across district lines unless it could be shown that they had deliberately engaged in a policy of segregation.

Petitioner was not entitled, either in the administrative hearing at the Department of Justice or at his trial, to inspect the original report of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, since he was furnished a resume of it, did not challenge its accuracy, and showed no particular need for the original report.

that is, from aspects of a universal system of Justice into particular rules governing the relations of sovereign states.

Plato's theory of forms or " ideas " describes ideal forms ( for example the platonic solids in geometry or abstracts like Goodness and Justice ), as universals existing independently of any particular instance.

In Furman v. Georgia,, Justice Brennan wrote, " There are, then, four principles by which we may determine whether a particular punishment is ' cruel and unusual '.

In Harmelin, Justice Scalia, joined by Chief Justice Rehnquist, said " the Eighth Amendment contains no proportionality guarantee ," and that " what was ' cruel and unusual ' under the Eighth Amendment was to be determined without reference to the particular offense.

This is a traditional rather than constitutional responsibility of the Chief Justice ; the Constitution does not require that the oath be administered by anyone in particular, simply that it be taken by the President.

Warwick and Margaret were previously sworn enemies, but Margaret's attendants ( in particular Sir John Fortescue, formerly Chief Justice during Henry VI's reign ) and Louis eventually persuaded her to ally the House of Lancaster with Warwick.

The Attorney General of Israel is the head of the public prosecution from the state, the person who advises the government in legal matters, the person who represents the state's authorities in the courts, and advises in preparation of law memoranda of the government in general and the Justice Minister in particular ( likewise he examines and advises for private proposals for a law of Knesset members ).

" Lord " may be used in conjunction with a substantive title to denote a superior holder of an otherwise generic title, in such combinations as " Lord Mayor " or " Lord Chief Justice ", which mark out the holder as an official worthy of particular respect and of a higher status.

Each Burlington County Freeholder oversees a particular area of service: Administration & Natural Resources ; Education & Justice ; Public Works & Veteran Services ; Public Safety & Health and Human Services ; and Hospital and Medical Services & Elections.

In 2011 and 2012, Clark faced criticism for his Justice and Security Bill, in particular the aspects of it that allow secret trials when " national security " is at stake.

In the United States, for example, non-profit legal advocacy organizations, such as the American Civil Liberties Union, the Landmark Legal Foundation, the Pacific Legal Foundation, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the American Center for Law and Justice or NORML, frequently submit such briefs to advocate for or against a particular legal change or interpretation.

In February 2009, Straw used his authority as Justice Secretary to veto publication of government documents requested under the Freedom of Information Act: in particular, those pertaining to early government meetings concerning the ( forthcoming ) Iraq War.

A Justice of the Peace ( JP ), according to the Ministry of Justice, is a person of unquestionable integrity who seeks to promote and protect the rights of the individual and helps to provide justice to persons in a particular community.

" The actual final opinion was largely Justice Brennan's work, though each justice wrote at least a rough draft of a particular section.

In particular, Potter Stewart ( who had been considered a candidate to follow Warren as Chief Justice ) was so discontented with Burger that he became the primary source for Woodward and Armstrong when writing The Brethren.

In particular, the School of Scholars ( i. e. the Confucian School ) was born from the officials of the Ministry of Education ; the Taoists came from the historians ; the Ying Yang School was born from the astronomers ; the Legalist School from the Ministry of Justice ; the School of Names from the Ministry of Rituals ; the Mohist School from the Guardians of the Temple ; the School of Diplomacy from the Ministry of Embassies ; the School of Miscellaneous from the government counselors ; the School of Agriculture from the Ministry of the Soil and Wheat ; the School of Minor Talks from the minor officials.

When the Justice League storms the Hall of Doom, Scarecrow does not appear to face any particular target and duels the League as a whole.

The general principles the United States Supreme Court relied on to decide whether or not a particular punishment was cruel and unusual were determined by Justice William Brennan.