Of particular interest have been the genetic mechanisms by which cholera bacteria turn on the protein production of the toxins that interact with host cell mechanisms to pump chloride ions into the small intestine, creating an ionic pressure which prevents sodium ions from entering the cell.

Let us now assume that the MTBF for a particular pump is 12 months and that it could be extended to 18 months.

From an initial design point of view, engineers often use a quantity termed the specific speed to identify the most suitable pump type for a particular combination of flow rate and head.

η is the pump efficiency, and may be given by the manufacturer's information, such as in the form of a pump curve, and is typically derived from either fluid dynamics simulation ( i. e. solutions to the Navier-stokes for the particular pump geometry ), or by testing.

They are sometimes used to block particular contaminants, for example in front of a diffusion pump to trap backstreaming oil, or in front of a McLeod gauge to keep out water.

It marked an important step forward in our understanding of how ions get into and out of cells, and it has a particular significance for excitable cells such as nervous cells, which depend on this pump for responding to stimuli and transmitting impulses.

The glass plate was sealed to the ground edge of the pan, then a vacuum pump was used to exhaust the air until a particular negative pressure had been achieved.

Many engines ( older motorcycle engines in particular ) do not require any fuel pump at all, requiring only gravity to feed fuel from the fuel tank through a line or hose to the engine.

This particular technique allows local or remote monitoring of the extraction process, calculation of the well's remaining capacity and the water / detergents ratio the input pump must send to efficiently extract oil.

Side effects of proton pump inhibitors in general and lansoprazole in particular may include:

In particular, Winchester's flagship Model 12 pump shotgun and Model 70 bolt-action rifle with their machined forgings could no longer compete in price with Remington's cast-and-stamped 870 and 700.

* People who owned or leased other 1996 – 2002 vehicles and who can establish that the fuel pump or fuel-sending unit had a particular residue on it were reimbursed for eligible repairs and out-of-pocket costs to a maximum of C $ 175.

* People who owned or leased pre-1996 vehicles and who can establish that the fuel pump or fuel-sending unit had a particular residue on it were reimbursed for eligible repairs and out-of-pocket expenses to a maximum of C $ 100.

Only when the pump power reaches a particular threshold level, oscillation occurs.

In particular, their band gap can vary from zero to about 2 eV and their electrical conductivity can show metallic or semiconducting behavior.

The energy bands each correspond to a large number of discrete quantum states of the electrons, and most of the states with low energy ( closer to the nucleus ) are occupied, up to a particular band called the valence band.

In particular, these foregrounds are dominated by galactic emissions such as free-free, synchrotron, and dust that emit in the microwave band ; in practice, the galaxy has to be removed resulting in a CMB map that is not a full-sky map.

The frequency response may be tailored to, for instance, eliminate unwanted frequency components from an input signal, or to limit an amplifier to signals within a particular band of frequencies.

Shane Embury, in particular, advocates the band as the origin of Napalm Death's later innovations.

After the death of band member Greg Ham on 19 April 2012, many stories reported his disappointment at the ruling and " suggesting that this particular case and the ruling completely destroyed his life ".

The band became more open in the ' 90s ; for example, the aforementioned NewOrderStory ( and in particular the longer UK version ) featured extensive personal interviews.

It became essential to sound one particular way to be recognized as a ' punk band ' now.

In a special " secret language ," the audience would react in a certain manner based on a particular musical cue from the band.

A graphic equaliser provides individual level controls for various frequency bands, each of which acts only on that particular frequency band.

The energy bands each correspond to a large number of discrete quantum states of the electrons, and most of the states with low energy ( closer to the nucleus ) are occupied, up to a particular band called the valence band.

For semiconductor materials, one band of " allowed " electron energies is called the " valence band "-these can be thought of electrons bound to a particular atom.

This proved disastrous in terms of the band's career, in particular as the band were being actively courted by Seymour Stein who thought they could become massive stars in the USA.

In addition, internal tensions between various members of the band, in particular between Feargal Sharkey and John O ' Neill, had deteriorated significantly.

The band wrote a McSweeney's theme song and forty-four songs for an album that was meant to be listened to with the journal, with each track corresponding to a particular story or piece of artwork.

The zodiac of a given planet is the band that contains the path of that particular body ; e. g., the " zodiac of the Moon " is the band of five degrees above and below the ecliptic.

The Carnival King costume for a particular band

Each band has their costume presentation based on a particular theme, and contain various sections ( some consisting of thousands of revelers ) which reflect these themes.

The Dalton ( Da ) or more conveniently the kDa is a permitted non-SI unit for molecular mass or mass of a particular band in a separating gel.

The resonator amplifies oscillations within a particular frequency band, while reducing oscillations at other frequencies outside the band.

If a work is divided into several large segments, a last-minute drawing of random numbers may determine the order of the segments for any particular performance.

Moreover, because of the particular blot on your family escutcheon through what may only have been one unbridled moment on your grandmother's part, and because you had the lean-to kitchen and trundle bed of your childhood to outgrow, what you obviously most desired with both your conscious and unconscious person, what you bent your whole will, sensibility, and intelligence upon, was to be a lady.

In any inquiry into the way in which great literature affects the emotions, particularly with respect to the sense of harmony, or relief of tension, or sense of `` a transformed inner nature '' which may occur, a most careful exploration of the particular feature of the experience which produces the effect would be required.

The extent of such interference -- which may be so slight as to be undetectable at any point where either of the stations renders a usable signal, or may be so great as to virtually destroy the service areas of both stations -- depends on many factors, among the principal ones being the distance between the stations, their respective radiated power, and, of particular significance here, the time of day.

In particular, the president may have to summon all his oratorical powers to persuade department members to accept an outstanding man above the normal salary scale.

Even though the registers may have an incomplete record of persons present in a particular area or include persons no longer living there, they contain precise information on ages, by date of birth, for some of the persons present ( especially children in relatively stable communities ) and supplementary information ( such as records of marital status ) for many others.

Or the exception may be due to a particular durability peculiar to the Athabascan verb.

While the particular limits of these groupings may seem artificially arbitrary, they do fairly express a corresponding grouping of more variable material, and they eventuate also in five classes, along a similar scale, containing approximately equal numbers of cases, namely 19, 14, 15, 11, 12 in Athabascan.

While there may be several such industries to which the model of this paper is applicable, the authors make particular claim of relevance to the explanation of the course of wages and prices in the steel industry of the United States since World War 2.

The following items may be specified in actual or symbolic form in the operands of those instructions which refer to the particular items: channel, unit, combined channel and unit, combined arm and file, unit record synchronizers, inquiry synchronizers, and alteration switches.

The role of an earthquake in starting the destruction of whole cities is tremendously frightening, but fire may actually be the principal agent in a particular disaster.

When we see the steady and methodical inculcation into humanity of the idea of man's worthlessness -- until redeemed -- the necessity of the Devil may become evident as a weapon, a weapon designed and used time and time again in every age to whip men into a surrender to a particular church or church-state ''.

In particular, social sciences often develop statistical descriptions rather than the general laws derived in physics or chemistry, or they may explain individual cases through more general principles, as in many fields of psychology.

The presence of a particular species in an area may be more easily discerned by its characteristic call than by a fleeting glimpse of the animal itself.

This is typical of the newer classifications, though there is some slight variation, and in particular the Torriceliaceae may be divided.

However, if the excited atom has been previously ionized, in particular if one of its inner shell electrons has been removed, a phenomenon known as the Auger effect may take place where the quantity of energy is transferred to one of the bound electrons causing it to go into the continuum.

The term may also refer to the physical region where the electron can be calculated to be, as defined by the particular mathematical form of the orbital.

For ships, a kedge may be dropped while a ship is underway, or carried out in a suitable direction by a tender or ship's boat to enable the ship to be winched off if aground or swung into a particular heading, or even to be held steady against a tidal or other stream.

Often dismissed as an unreliable tradition, it has been studied with attention by modern scholars, in particular Neil Christie, who see in it a possible record of a formal invitation by the Byzantine state to settle in northern Italy as foederati, to help protect the region against the Franks, an arrangement that may have been disowned by Justin II after Narses ' removal.

That is, the rules do not say whether one player may ask another how many shares of stock he or she owns in a particular chain.

Functionalists like Monroe Beardsley argue that whether or not a piece counts as art depends on what function it plays in a particular context ; the same Greek vase may play a non-artistic function in one context ( carrying wine ), and an artistic function in another context ( helping us to appreciate the beauty of the human figure ).

In particular, we cannot in general claim that " P or not P " is true ( the law of Excluded Middle ), since in some cases we may not be able to prove the statement " P " nor prove the statement " not P ".

This may be of particular concern regarding patients suffering with chronic pain.

Also, people who cannot tolerate the side effects of SSRIs, in particular agitation, may do better on tricyclics.