In philosophy and the humanities, Jacques Derrida, the father of deconstruction, was born in El Biar in Algiers ; Malek Bennabi and Frantz Fanon are noted for their thoughts on decolonization ; Augustine of Hippo was born in Tagaste ( modern-day Souk Ahras ); and Ibn Khaldun, though born in Tunis, wrote the Muqaddima while staying in Algeria.

He wrote in his essay " The Rebel " that his whole life was devoted to opposing the philosophy of nihilism while still delving deeply into individual freedom.

In his book The Science Delusion ( 2012 ) he wrote that the philosophy of the organism ( organicism ) has updated the ideas of animism as it treats all of nature as alive.

Anaxagoras wrote a book of philosophy, but only fragments of the first part of this have survived, through preservation in work of Simplicius of Cilicia in the sixth century AD.

In 1920, while mayor, he wrote his first book, The Social Worker, which set out many of the principles that informed his political philosophy and that were to underpin the actions of his government in later years.

He wrote, and was obsessed with, the relationships that humans establish with one another, their cities and homes, the Humanist movement, and the study of philosophy.

Meanwhile, he wrote entries, ultimately thousands during 1883 – 1909, on philosophy, logic, science, and other subjects for the encyclopedic Century Dictionary.

In 1747 he wrote the Promenade du sceptique, an allegory pointing first at the extravagances of Catholicism ; second, at the vanity of the pleasures of the world which is the rival of the church ; and third, at the desperate and unfathomable uncertainty of the philosophy which professes to be so high above both church and world.

He also wrote some books in theology and philosophy, controversial in their time but little remembered today.

Also important was forester and ecologist Aldo Leopold, one of the founders of the Wilderness Society in 1935, who wrote a classic of nature observation and ethical philosophy, A Sand County Almanac, published in 1949.

Fichte also wrote works of political philosophy and is considered one of the fathers of German nationalism.

Although the main focus of his work was on medicine, anatomy, and physiology, Galen also wrote about logic and philosophy.

He wrote more than 200 works on medicine, mathematics, physics, philosophy, religion, and music.

Rapp became inspired by the philosophies of Jakob Böhme, Philipp Jakob Spener, Johann Heinrich Jung, and Emanuel Swedenborg, among others, and later wrote Thoughts on the Destiny of Man, published in German in 1824 and in English a year later, in which he outlined his ideas and philosophy.

With the neoplatonist Plotinus, wrote Nathaniel Alfred Boll ; " there even appears, probably for the first time in Western philosophy, idealism that had long been current in the East even at that time, for it taught … that the soul has made the world by stepping from eternity into time …".

Similarly, in regard to passages from the Enneads, " The only space or place of the world is the soul " and " Time must not be assumed to exist outside the soul ", Ludwig Noiré wrote: " For the first time in Western philosophy we find idealism proper in Plotinus, However, Plotinus does not address whether we know external objects, unlike Schopenhauer and other modern philosophers.

In The Grammar of Science, Preface to the 2nd Edition, 1900, Karl Pearson wrote, " There are many signs that a sound idealism is surely replacing, as a basis for natural philosophy, the crude materialism of the older physicists.

Gradually losing his Catholic faith, he studied literature and philosophy at the universities of Bonn, Würzburg, Freiburg and Heidelberg, where he wrote his doctoral thesis on a minor 19th century romantic dramatist, Wilhelm von Schütz.

Nineteenth century historians wrote extensively on the United States of America having a distinctively Protestant character in its outlook and founding political philosophy.

Schopenhauer wrote that "... materialism is the philosophy of the subject who forgets to take account of himself ".

Majoring in philosophy he wrote his Masters thesis on the ethical philosophy of Henry Sidgwick.

In 2002, pundit Charlotte Hays wrote " that the anti-male philosophy of radical feminism has filtered into the culture at large is incontestable ; indeed, this attitude has become so pervasive that we hardly notice it any longer ".

* Socrates: Widely considered the founder of Western political philosophy, via his spoken influence on Athenian contemporaries ; since Socrates never wrote anything, much of what we know about him and his teachings comes through his most famous student, Plato.

However, it is important to trace the philosophy of the French Revolution to its sources to understand the common democratic origin of individualism and socialism and the influence of the latter on the former.

Here we may observe that at least one modern philosophy of history is built on the assumption that ideas are the primary objectives of the historian's research.

A professor at the University of Constantinople, where his first course of lectures was on Nietzsche and the `` philosophy of action '', Vincent Berger becomes head of the propaganda department of the German Embassy in Turkey.

To those raised on Marcel's Homo Viator and Heidegger's das Nichtige, this may seem a modest role for philosophy.

When dealing with the actual relation of philosophy to the sociology of knowledge, or better the role of philosophy in assisting research on the social sources of ideas, one has to become necessarily selective.

While the `` empirical psychoanalytic '' label which Fromm claims sheds no light on the validity of his underlying philosophy, it does increase the marketability of his product.

Indicating the way in which he has turned his back on his 1910 philosophy, Mr. Reama said: `` A Socialist is a person who believes in dividing everything he does not own ''.

* Scholarly surveys of focused topics from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: articles on Aristotle, Aristotle in the Renaissance, Biology, Causality, Commentators on Aristotle, Ethics, Logic, Mathematics, Metaphysics, Natural philosophy, Non-contradiction, Political theory, Psychology, Rhetoric

Kimiya-yi sa ' ādat ( The Alchemy of Happiness ) – a text on Islamic philosophy and spiritual alchemy by Al-Ghazali | Al-Ghazālī ( 1058 – 1111 ).

Swift also recognizes the implications of such a fact in making mercantilist philosophy a paradox: the wealth of a country is based on the poverty of the majority of its citizens.

Greeks started Western philosophy on the western coast of Anatolia ( Pre-Socratic philosophy ).

Although the Indian and Greek concepts of the atom were based purely on philosophy, modern science has retained the name coined by Democritus.

Rothbard bases his philosophy on natural law grounds and also provides economic explanations of why he thinks anarcho-capitalism is preferable on pragmatic grounds as well.

In particular, 150 of his surviving treatises concentrate on philosophy and 40 of them concentrate on medicine.

( Ibn Sina's major work on philosophy.

* Taoism, a philosophy which emphasizes the Three Jewels of the Tao: compassion, moderation, and humility, while Taoist thought generally focuses on nature, the relationship between humanity and the cosmos ; health and longevity ; and wu wei ( action through inaction ).

* The School of " Minor-talks ", which was not a unique school of thought, but a philosophy constructed of all the thoughts which were discussed by and originated from normal people on the street.

The philosophy is founded on the notion that human society originates with the development of agriculture, and societies are based upon " people's natural prospensity to farm.