Here the term yoga denotes a kind of " meta-theory " that can be used heuristically ; Michel Raynaud writes the other terms " Ariadne's thread " and " philosophy " as effective equivalents.

In analytic philosophy, the term anti-realism is used to describe any position involving either the denial of an objective reality or the denial that verification-transcendent statements are either true or false.

Steiner began using the word to refer to his philosophy in the early 1900s as an alternative to theosophy, the term for Madame Blavatsky's movement, itself from the Greek, with a longer history with a meaning of " divine wisdom ".

It is a term used in logic and epistemology, particularly in the philosophy of Kant.

The term acquired a special significance in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant ( 1724 – 1804 ), who used it to describe the equally rational but contradictory results of applying to the universe of pure thought the categories or criteria of reason that are proper to the universe of sensible perception or experience ( phenomena ).

Karl Popper pioneered the use of the term " conjecture " in scientific philosophy.

In Hindu philosophy, the term refers to

In philosophy, the term critical theory describes the neo-Marxist philosophy of the Frankfurt School, developed in Europe in the 1930s, that engaged the works of intellectuals such as Friedrich Nietzsche and Sigmund Freud.

Literary scholars first used this term in the 1960s and 1970s, and the term has only come into broad use since the 1980s, especially as theory used in literary studies has increasingly been influenced by European philosophy and social theory.

* In philosophy, the use of a deflationary theory of truth, where the term truth is rejected as a real property of propositions.

Modern western mysticism and new age philosophy often use the term ' the Divine ' as a noun in this latter sense: a non-specific principle and / or being that gives rise to the world, and acts as the source or wellspring of life.

In Buddhist philosophy, dhamma / dharma is also the term for " phenomenon ".

It is for this reason that Derrida distances his use of the term deconstruction from poststructuralism, a term that would suggest philosophy could simply go beyond structuralism.

* Diaeresis ( philosophy ), a term in Platonic and Stoic philosophy

However, others tend to use the term more broadly to include any topics at the intersection of ethics and psychology ( and philosophy of mind ).

* Selfism, a pejorative term referring to any philosophy, doctrine, or tendency that upholds explicitly selfish principles as being desirable

British empiricism, though it was not a term used at the time, derives from the 17th century period of early modern philosophy and modern science.

In psychology, philosophy, and their many subsets, emotion is the generic term for subjective, conscious experience that is characterized primarily by psychophysiological expressions, biological reactions, and mental states.

The FSF recommends using the term " free software " rather than " open source software " because, as they state in a paper on Free Software philosophy, the latter term and the associated marketing campaign focuses on the technical issues of software development, avoiding the issue of user freedoms.

Later, the term acquired a broader meaning in philosophy, where it is formulated as the problem of limiting the beliefs that have to be updated in response to actions.

It is absurd to speak of philosophy as a superior enterprise to sociology, since the former is a logical, rational discipline, where sociology is essentially descriptive and empirical.

The uses of philosophy as a logical clearing house are manifest to any approach that does not descend to pure sensationalism.

In the new situation, philosophy is able to provide the social sciences with the same guidance that mathematics offers the physical sciences, a reservoir of logical relations that can be used in framing hypotheses having explanatory and predictive value.

By clarifying fundamental premises in the social sciences, and defining the logical problems emergent at the borderlands of each new scientific discipline, philosophy can offer the sort of distinction that can accelerate growth in human understanding.

The mystification of metaphysical systems does not imply the demise of philosophy, only the close of a philosophic age which demanded metaphysics to be rational and logical.

Certain features we have touched upon: philosophy as a logical, deductive system from which a social science methodology can be built up ; ;

Kant credited Hume with waking him up from his " dogmatic slumbers " and Hume has proved extremely influential on subsequent philosophy, especially on utilitarianism, logical positivism, William James, philosophy of science, early analytic philosophy, cognitive philosophy, and other movements and thinkers.

This focus on meta-ethics was in part caused by an intense linguistic focus in analytic philosophy and by the popularity of logical positivism.

Criticizability, in contrast to falsifiability, and thus rationality, may be comprehensive ( i. e., have no logical limits ), though this claim is controversial even among proponents of Popper's philosophy and critical rationalism.

His thorough grounding in philology and philosophy had accustomed him to systematic thinking, and this enabled him to construct out of his studies and observations of minerals a logical system which he began to publish in 1528.

In logic and related fields such as mathematics and philosophy, if and only if ( shortened iff ) is a biconditional logical connective between statements.

Logical positivism ( also known as logical empiricism, scientific philosophy, and neo-positivism ) is a philosophy that combines empiricism — the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge — with a version of rationalism incorporating mathematical and logico-linguistic constructs and deductions of epistemology.

The most prominent proponents of logical positivism emigrated to the United Kingdom and the United States, where they influenced American philosophy considerably.

Until the 1950s, logical positivism was the leading school in the philosophy of science.

Karl Popper's insistence upon the role of falsification in the philosophy of science was a reaction to the logical positivists.

With the rise of Adolf Hitler and National Socialism in Germany and Austria, some members of the Vienna and Berlin Circles fled Germany, mainly to Britain and the USA, which helped to reinforce the dominance of logical positivism and analytic philosophy in the Anglophone world.

This caused the logical positivists to reject many traditional problems of philosophy, especially those of metaphysics or ontology, as meaningless.

The Tractatus introduced many doctrines which later influenced logical positivism, including the concept of philosophy as a " critique of language ," and the possibility of making a theoretically principled distinction between intelligible and nonsensical discourse.

Key tenets of logical positivism, including its atomistic philosophy of science, the verifiability principle, and the fact-value distinction, came under attack after the Second World War by philosophers such as Nelson Goodman, Quine, J. L. Austin, and Peter Strawson.

Most sources agree that the chief method of philosophy is logical, rational, critical enquiry and argument " of a more or less systematic kind.

As with the study of ethics, early analytic philosophy tended to avoid the study of philosophy of religion, largely dismissing ( as per the logical positivists view ) the subject as part of metaphysics and therefore meaningless.