Explorer satellites have made important discoveries: Earth's magnetosphere and the shape of its gravity field ; the solar wind ; properties of micrometeoroids raining down on the Earth ; much about ultraviolet, cosmic, and X-rays from the solar system and universe beyond ; ionospheric physics ; Solar plasma ; solar energetic particles ; and atmospheric physics.

Experiments were conducted in atmospheric chemistry, solar radiation, space plasma physics, and ultraviolet astronomy.

It successfully resolved the ultraviolet catastrophe ( black curve ), a major problem of classical physics, and is one of the pioneer results that gave birth to quantum mechanics.

The ultraviolet catastrophe, also called the Rayleigh – Jeans catastrophe, was a prediction of late 19th century / early 20th century classical physics that an ideal black body at thermal equilibrium will emit radiation with infinite power.

Many popular histories of physics, as well as a number of physics textbooks, present an incorrect version of the history of the ultraviolet catastrophe.

This inconsistency between observations and the predictions of classical physics is commonly known as the ultraviolet catastrophe, and its resolution was a foundational aspect of the development of quantum mechanics in the early 20th century.

In physics and chemistry, the Lyman series is the series of transitions and resulting ultraviolet emission lines of the hydrogen atom as an electron goes from n ≥ 2 to n = 1 ( where n is the principal quantum number referring to the energy level of the electron ).

( This resolved a significant problem in classical physics, called the ultraviolet catastrophe.

The non-deployable payload, equipped with 12 instruments from the United States, France, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, The Netherlands and Japan, conducted studies in atmospheric chemistry, solar radiation, space plasma physics and ultraviolet astronomy.

The success of the attack on the original ultraviolet catastrophe has led to the technique being widely applied in modern physics.

Classical physics ( Rayleigh – Jeans law, black line ) failed to explain black body radiation – the so-called ultraviolet catastrophe.

Research on non-ionizing radiation included the physics and biology of exposure to ultraviolet sources, electricity supplies, and mobile phones.

In theoretical physics, soft SUSY breaking is type of supersymmetry breaking that does not cause ultraviolet divergences to appear in scalar masses.

Solarization refers to a phenomenon in physics where a material undergoes a temporary change in color after being subjected to high energy electromagnetic radiation, such as ultraviolet light or X-rays.

Areas studied at PFRR include the aurora, plasma physics, the ozone layer, solar proton events, Earth's magnetic field, and ultraviolet radiation.

In theoretical physics, ultraviolet completion, or UV completion, of a quantum field theory is the passing from a lower energy quantum field theory to a more general quantum field theory above a threshold value known as the cutoff.

This is, of course, an example of a mathematical difficulty ( divergence to infinity of the density ) which reveals a more profound problem in our understanding of the relevant physics involved in the process.

The discovery of isotopic oxygen in 1929 led to a divergence in atomic weight representation, with isotopically weighted oxygen ( i. e., naturally occurring oxygen atomic weight ) given a value of exactly 16 atomic mass units ( amu ) in chemistry, while pure < sup > 16 </ sup > O ( oxygen-16 ) was given the mass value of exactly 16 amu in physics.

In physics and engineering, the divergence theorem is usually applied in three dimensions.

In practice, however, these developments led to a sharp divergence from physics, particularly from 1950 to 1980.

In physics, an infrared divergence or infrared catastrophe is a situation in which an integral, for example a Feynman diagram, diverges because of contributions of objects with very small energy approaching zero, or, equivalently, because of physical phenomena at very long distances.

`` A person with a master's degree in physics, chemistry, math or English, yet who has not taken Education courses, is not permitted to teach in the public schools '', said Grover.

In chemistry and physics, the atomic number ( also known as the proton number ) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom and therefore identical to the charge number of the nucleus.

Another possibility, raised in an essay by the Swedish fantasy writer and editor Rickard Berghorn, is that the name Alhazred was influenced by references to two historical authors whose names were Latinized as Alhazen: Alhazen ben Josef, who translated Ptolemy into Arabic ; and Abu ' Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, who wrote about optics, mathematics and physics.

Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus.

The term atomic physics is often associated with nuclear power and nuclear bombs, due to the synonymous use of atomic and nuclear in standard English.

As with many scientific fields, strict delineation can be highly contrived and atomic physics is often considered in the wider context of atomic, molecular, and optical physics.

It is not concerned with the formation of molecules ( although much of the physics is identical ), nor does it examine atoms in a solid state as condensed matter.

and atomic physics is no exception.

The true beginning of atomic physics is marked by the discovery of spectral lines and attempts to describe the phenomenon, most notably by Joseph von Fraunhofer.

In our current understanding of physics, the Bohr model is called a semi-classical model because of its quantization of angular momentum, not primarily because of its relationship with electron wavelength, which appeared in hindsight a dozen years after the Bohr model was proposed.

The barn is commonly used in describing the cross sectional area of interaction in nuclear physics.

In particle physics, antimatter is material composed of antiparticles, which have the same mass as particles of ordinary matter but have opposite charge and quantum spin.

At this time, the apparent asymmetry of matter and antimatter in the visible universe is one of the greatest unsolved problems in physics.

RWTH Aachen University, established as Polytechnicum in 1870, is one of the Germany's Universities of Excellence with strong emphasis on technological research, especially for electrical and mechanical engineering, computer sciences, physics, and chemistry.

It is both an extended discussion ( and polemic ) on Stoic physics, and an exposition of Aristotelian thought on this theme.

A Fire Upon the Deep is a science fiction novel by American writer Vernor Vinge, a space opera involving superhuman intelligences, aliens, variable physics, space battles, love, betrayal, genocide, and a conversation medium resembling Usenet.

Furthermore, there is no proposed mechanism of action by which the positions and motions of stars and planets could affect people and events on Earth that does not contradict well understood, basic aspects of biology and physics.

Analytic geometry is widely used in physics and engineering, and is the foundation of most modern fields of geometry, including algebraic, differential, discrete, and computational geometry.

In physics and optics, the Abbe number, also known as the V-number or constringence of a transparent material, is a measure of the material's dispersion ( variation of refractive index with wavelength ) in relation to the refractive index, with high values of V indicating low dispersion ( low chromatic aberration ).

In physics, angular momentum, moment of momentum, or rotational momentum is a vector quantity that represents the product of a body's rotational inertia and rotational velocity about a particular axis.

In modern ( late 20th century ) theoretical physics, angular momentum is described using a different formalism.