In France before the French Revolution, representatives of the clergy — in practice, bishops and abbots of the largest monasteries — comprised the First Estate of the Estates-General, until their role was abolished during the French Revolution.

In France, while the President cannot force the Prime Minister to tender the resignation of his government, he can, in practice, request it if the Prime Minister is from his own majority.

The practice soon spread to the European continent and was known as voyage à la façon anglaise ( English-style voyage ) in France from the 1820s on.

In practice, X. 31 was only commercially implemented in UK, France and Japan.

Rodolphe Bresdin and Jean-François Millet also continued to practice the medium in France, and Adolf Menzel in Germany.

Radama's successor, Queen Ranavalona I ( 1828 – 61 ), responded to increasing political and cultural encroachment on the part of Britain and France by issuing a royal edict prohibiting the practice of Christianity in Madagascar and pressuring most foreigners to leave the territory.

In France, Italy and Portugal, civilian physicians must be members of the Order of Physicians to practice medicine.

In practice the region was administered by France.

The practice of civilian duelling, with specifically designed civilian swords such as the Italian Cinquedea and Swiss Baselard, became so popular that according to one scholar: " In France during the reign of Henry IV ( 1589 – 1610 ), more than 4, 000 French aristocrats were killed in duels in an eighteen-year period ... During the reign of Louis XIII ( 1610 – 1643 )... in a twenty-year period 8, 000 pardons were issued for murders associated with duels.

Stephen's preferred option was to have Eustace crowned while he himself was still alive, as was the custom in France, but this was not the normal practice in England, and Celestine II, during his brief tenure as pope between 1143 and 1144, had banned any change to this practice.

They may introduce the practice of France, Spain, and Germany ...." Ultimately, Henry and Mason prevailed, and the Eighth Amendment was adopted.

Philip I of France, by his practice of simony and the violence of his proceedings against the Church, provoked a threat of summary measures.

After a successful day of testing of his method at the Polygon in France he had a conversation with Claude-Étienne Minié who stated that a key barrier to the use of the larger, heavier spinning projectiles would be the strength of the gun and in particular "... he did not consider it safe in practice to fire a 30-lb.

In France, the political system does not integrate the lobbying practice.

But there is currently no regulation at all for lobbying activities in France and, as a consequence, this practice suffers from a lack of transparency.

The region's religious profile is representative of France as a whole, with the majority ( 85 %) being Roman Catholic, but not all members regularly attend church or practice every element of Roman Catholicism.

It granted non-Catholics – Calvinist Huguenots, Lutherans, as well as Jews – civil and legal status in France, and gave them the right of openly practice their faiths.

The spin from rifling decreases the effective penetration of these rounds ( rifling diverts some of the linear kinetic energy to rotational kinetic energy, thus decreasing the round's velocity and impact energy ) and so they are generally fired from smoothbore guns ; a practice that has been taken up by Israel — a major supplier of " arrow " rounds — China, France, Pakistan, Germany, Russia, and the United States in their tanks.

Starting in 1995, Li himself taught the practice outside of China, chairing a series of conferences in Sweden and at the Chinese embassy in Paris, upon invitation by the PRC ambassador to France.

In France, the system of pairies ( peerage ) existed in two different versions: the exclusive ' old ' in the French kingdom, in many respects an inspiration for the English / British practice, and the very prolific chambre des pairs of the Bourbon Restoration ( 1814 – 1848 ).

In accord with standard German practice, these were called by their commander's name, such as Group Erdmann in France and the Ramcke Parachute Brigade in North Africa.

For instance, in France, the jurisprudence constante of the Court of Cassation or the Council of State is equivalent in practice with case law.

Following the events of 1320, Philip was involved in fining those who had attacked Jews during the Shepherds ' Crusade, which in practice added further to the dislike of this minority in France.

In practice, " extraordinary " circumstance have included disagreeing with Episcopalian views of the episcopate, and as a result, ELCA pastors ordained by other pastors are not permitted to be deployed to Episcopal Churches ( they can, however, serve in Presbyterian Church USA, United Methodist Church, Reformed Church in America, and Moravian Church congregations, as the ELCA is in full communion with these denominations ).

The U. S. Navy's Carrier Air Wing Five, based at the United States Naval Air Facility Atsugi when not embarked / deployed aboard, also uses the base for field carrier landing practice ( FCLP ).

MML is intended not just as a theoretical construct, but as a technique that may be deployed in practice.

Its small shipboard footprint allows it to be stored and deployed from the smallest of vessels, and it has been used for target practice for everything from 5 " to small arms.

Cooper and Conrad were to have made a practice space rendezvous with a " pod " deployed from the spacecraft, but problems with the electrical supply forced a switch to a simpler " phantom rendezvous ," whereby the Gemini craft maneuvered to a predetermined position in space.

In modern practice, cryptographic engineering is deployed in crypto systems.

UNPROFOR was deployed throughout the region to maintain the ceasefire, although in practice its light armament and restricted rules of engagement meant that it was little more than an observer force.

In actual practice some Commanding Officers have required all Lieutenant Commanders and / or department heads in a command to wear this badge in their capacity as counselors to junior officers, while other commands have required its wear by all officers serving as an Officer-in-Charge of a deployed detachment.

While in theory the missile could be " handed off " in flight from one guidance station to the next, in practice that was rarely successful, and deployed missiles did not attempt it.

Although both the GPON and EPON protocols permit large split ratios ( up to 128 subscribers for GPON, up to 32, 768 for EPON ), in practice most PONs are deployed with a split ratio of 1x32 or smaller.

First World War tanks, namely the British Mark IV, started the practice of carrying fascines on the roof, to be deployed to fill trenches that would otherwise be an obstacle to the tank.

Per Soviet practice, the regiment was a politically-reliable internal security force that could be deployed to suppress rebellion and unrest.

Despite an ambiguity due to its failure clearly to define `` relative costs '', the above exposition of fully distributed costing goes about as far as one can go toward expressing the basic philosophy of the practice.

Moritz, however, kicks only about 10 or 12 extra points during each practice session.

`` Lindy McDaniel threw batting practice about 25 minutes, and he looked good '', Hemus said.

-- The Anne Arundel county school superintendent has asked that the Board of Education return to the practice of recording its proceedings mechanically so that there will be no more question about who said what.

For a number of years the board used a machine to keep a permanent record but abandoned the practice about two years ago.

This interpretation is supported by the negative character of all of the stories retold about Vortigern in the Historia Brittonum, which include his alleged practice of incest.

From about the 4th century certain psalms began to be grouped together, a process that was furthered by the monastic practice of daily reciting the 150 psalms.

* Evangelism – practice of sharing about Christianity to those who are not Christians.

In practice, however, the performance gain is far less, only about 50 %, due to imperfect software algorithms and implementation.

While most cartoonist decided to follow the tide, some cartoonists have complained about this, with Pogo ending in 1975 as a form of protest from its creators against the practice.

Most teams practice at least three days a week for about two hours each practice during the summer.

In practice, astronomers observe that the Universe has heterogeneous structures up to the scale of galactic superclusters, filaments and great voids, but becomes more and more homogeneous and isotropic when observed on larger and larger scales, with little detectable structure on scales of more than about 200 million parsecs.

There are ongoing issues concerning the validity and reliability of the diagnostic categories ; the reliance on superficial symptoms ; the use of artificial dividing lines between categories and from ' normality '; possible cultural bias ; medicalization of human distress and financial conflicts of interest, including with the practice of psychiatrists and with the pharmaceutical industry ; political controversies about the inclusion or exclusion of diagnoses from the manual, in general or in regard to specific issues ; and the experience of those who are most directly affected by the manual by being diagnosed, including the consumer / survivor movement.

While TT is strictly uniform ( being based on the SI second, every second is the same as every other second ), it is in practice realised by International Atomic Time ( TAI ) with an accuracy of about 1: 10 < small >< sup > 14 </ sup ></ small >.

The Church is to maintain the unity in practice which Christ has brought about positionally.

Many accounts of the development of expertise emphasize that it comes about through long periods of deliberate practice.

The Down's Syndrome Association say that the way in which Billy and Honey found out about their baby's condition and their subsequent support is not a best practice model, but is still a realistic situation.

On the one hand, the seventeenth century divine, John Cosin, held that episcopal authority is jure divino, but that it stemmed from " apostolic practice and the customs of the Church ... absolute precept that either Christ or His Apostles gave about it " ( a view maintained also by Hooker ).

The author states that it is also practiced by " unchaste women " but mentions widespread traditional concerns about this being a degrading or unclean practice, with known practitioners being evaded as love partners in large parts of the country.

In 1980 and 1982 feminist physicians Nawal El Saadawi and Asma El Dareer wrote about FGM as a dangerous practice intended to control women's sexuality.

Contrary to his usual practice, Conté did not appear on television to mark Tabaski earlier in December 2008, and this sparked renewed speculation, as well as concern about the possibility of violence in the event of his death.

Now, the Queen of Australia is generally bound by constitutional convention to accept the advice of the Australian Prime Minister and state Premiers about Australian and state constitutional matters respectively, however the practice of Premiers advising the monarch has only become the convention since the passage of the Australia Acts ( 1986 ).

In the 1920s and 1930s, however, all his commissions came from private individuals, and it was not until the 1950s that he was able to put his progressive ideas about social housing into practice, in projects in Utrecht and Reeuwijk.

In England, the practice of using marks of cadency arose to distinguish one son from another: the conventions became standardized in about 1500, and are traditionally supposed to have been devised by John Writhe.