Then in 1875, apparently in response to the nationalizing influence of the Civil War, Congress first gave the lower federal courts general authority -- concurrently with state tribunals -- to decide cases involving federal-right questions.

His remaining secular works in this late period fall into three categories: first, large scale cantatas and one oratorio Habsburg written on patriotic themes or in response to the international political situation, pedagogical works written to aid his students in voice, and finally simple songs, rounds or canons written for home entertainment ; many with original poetry by the composer.

The doctrine was formulated in the second century in the first of the three senses given by Ramsey, originally as a response to Gnostic claims of having received secret teaching from Christ or the apostles ; it emphasised the public manner in which the apostles had passed on authentic teaching to those whom they entrusted with the care of the churches they founded and that these in turn had passed it on to their successors.

Critical response was positive, but with a much lower rating than the first two films.

Norway saw its first finding in February 2009, when cows at two farms in Vest-Agder in the south of Norway showed an immune response to bluetongue.

During the first Gulf War the United Nations activated a biological and chemical response team, Task Force Scorpio, to respond to any potential use of weapons of mass destruction on civilians.

Additionally, Elihu's first spoken words are a confession of his youthful status, being much younger than the three canonical friends, including a claim to be speaking because he cannot bear to remain silent ; it has been suggested that this interesting statement may have been symbolic of a " younger " ( that is to say, later and interpolating ) writer, who has written Elihu's sermon to respond to what he views as morally and theologically scandalous statements being made within the book of Job, and creating the literary device of Elihu to provide what seemed to be a faith-based response to further refute heresy and provide a counter-argument, a need partially provided by God's ambiguous and unspecific response to Job at the end of the book.

Other bilinear transforms can be used to warp the frequency response of any discrete-time linear system ( for example to approximate the non-linear frequency resolution of the human auditory system ) and are implementable in the discrete domain by replacing a system's unit delays with first order all-pass filters.

The first Persian invasion was a response to Greek involvement in the Ionian Revolt, when Athens and Eretria had sent a force to support the cities of Ionia in their attempt to overthrow Persian rule.

However, the first modern studies of magnetism only started with the development of electrodynamics by Faraday, Maxwell and others in the nineteenth century, which included the classification of materials as ferromagnetic, paramagnetic and diamagnetic based on their response to magnetization.

Charlotte's first manuscript, The Professor, did not secure a publisher, although she was heartened by an encouraging response from Smith, Elder & Co of Cornhill, who expressed an interest in any longer works which " Currer Bell " might wish to send.

In the short term, CERTs perform data gathering, especially to locate mass-casualties requiring professional response, or situations requiring professional rescues, simple fire-fighting tasks ( for example, small fires, turning off gas ), light search and rescue, damage evaluation of structures, triage and first aid.

Defendants in civil actions usually make their first court appearance voluntarily in response to a summons.

Clinton's response, once he recovered his temper, was to issue another proclamation little different from the first.

In response to Haeckel ’ s evolutionary claim that all vertebrates are essentially identical in the first month of embryonic life as proof of common descent, His responds by insisting that a more skilled observer would recognize even sooner that early embryos can be distinguished.

Thorndike was one of the first to say that individual differences in cognitive tasks were due to how many stimulus response patterns a person had rather than a general intellectual ability.

The British military were caught totally unprepared by the rebellion and their response of the first day was generally un-coordinated.

Sniffin ' Glue ran for 12 photocopied issues ; the first issue was produced by Perry immediately following ( and in response to ) the London debut of The Ramones on July 4, 1976.

In response, the King announced the calling of the Estates-General for May 1789, the first time the body had been summoned since 1614.

Despite the less than spectacular response to the Chris Gaines project, Brooks gained his first – and only – US Top 40 pop single in " Lost in You ", the first single from the album.

Another Burton film, Exorcist II: The Heretic, is the book's first runner up in the Worst Film of All Time award based on reader response.

In HTTP / 1. 0 and since, the first line of the HTTP response is called the status line and includes a numeric status code ( such as " 404 ") and a textual reason phrase ( such as " Not Found ").

Custom status codes can be used since, if the user agent encounters a code it does not recognize, it can use the first digit of the code to determine the general class of the response.

Rather it is rooted in a difference of response to the threat of social disintegration.

One such project is the Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project that built on existing conservation efforts in Panama to create a country-wide response to the threat of chytridiomycosis.

As such, it is distinguished from fear, which is an appropriate cognitive and emotional response to a perceived threat.

As the body prepares to deal with a threat, blood pressure, heart rate, perspiration, blood flow to the major muscle groups are increased, while immune and digestive functions are inhibited ( the fight or flight response ).

In 1529-1530 he was also charged with reinforcing certain city fortifications in response to the Turkish threat.

This was partly in response to a perceived threat of losing Norfolk Island to the French and partly to establish an alternative food source for the new colony.

A special armed employee of the express service using the stage for transportation of bullion or cash would sit beside the driver, carrying a short shotgun ( or alternatively a rifle ), to provide an armed response in case of threat to the cargo, which was usually a strongbox.

Many historians maintain that the main concern of Pope Urban II, when calling for the First Crusade, was the threat to Constantinople from the Turkish invasion of Asia Minor in response to the appeal of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos.

Destroyers, originally called torpedo-boat destroyers in 1892, evolved from the response of navies to the threat posed by the torpedo boat.

In response to this new threat more heavily-gunned picket boats called " catchers " were built which were used to escort the battle fleet at sea.

For example, it is not the feeling of fear that produces an increase in heart beat, both are symptomatic of a common physiological origin, possibly in response to a legitimate external threat.

For example, the experience of fear usually occurs in response to a threat.

It is a basic survival mechanism occurring in response to a specific stimulus, such as pain or the threat of danger.

His response to the threat of the rack was " Minare ista pueris are only for boys ", and he denied having encouraged Catholics to pray for the success of the " Catholic Cause ".

Additionally, ICBMs are generally considered to be nuclear only ; although several conceptual designs of conventionally armed missiles have been considered, the launch of such a weapon would be such a threat that it would demand a nuclear response, eliminating any military value of such a weapon.

Certain Japanese swordsmiths of this period began to make blades with thicker backs and bigger points as a response to the Mongol threat.

Montoneros did not think about their armed violence as a response to a threat to society, but as the key of their identity.

In this latter usage, a militia is a body of private persons who respond to an emergency threat to public safety, usually one that requires an armed response, but which can also include ordinary law enforcement or disaster responses.

Persons have been said to engage in militia in response to a " call up " by any person aware of the emergent threat requiring the response, and thence to be in " called up " status until the emergency is past.

The prairie dog ban is frequently cited by the CDC as a successful response to the threat of zoonosis.

* War on Terrorism ( also Global War on Terror ) refers to the political response from the U. S. Government to the attacks of 9 / 11 and includes the invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq, the color-coded national threat condition reporting system, the Patriot Act, and the prison camp in Guantánamo Bay, Cuba.

In response, navies operating large ships introduced smaller ships to counter the threat.

In a political move to provide some manner of response, Grant met as a civilian with the opposing party heads and, with his potential use of the armed forces an implicit threat, was able to facilitate a settlement.

In response, several vaccine makers stopped production, which the US government believed could be a threat to public health, so laws were passed to shield makers from liabilities stemming from vaccine injury claims.