Ten years later, limited liability, the key provision of modern corporate law, passed into English law: in response to increasing pressure from newly emerging capital interests, Parliament passed the Limited Liability Act 1855, which established the principle that any corporation could enjoy limited legal liability on both contract and tort claims simply by registering as a " limited " company with the appropriate government agency.

Some theologians, such as Frank Charles Thompson, agree the main theme of Ephesians is in response to the newly converted Jews who often separated themselves from their Gentile brethren.

In response to stress, the activated prophage is excised from the DNA of the host cell by one of the newly expressed gene products and enters its lytic pathway.

Motels peaked in popularity in the 1960s with rising car travel, only to decline in response to competition from the newer chain hotels which became commonplace at highway interchanges as traffic was bypassed onto newly constructed freeways.

Continued successes saw Gregory write to Boniface in December 724 to offer his congratulations, followed in November 726 by a response to Boniface ’ s questions about how to structure the newly emergent churches in Germany.

The combination of thalidomide and dexamethasone, often in combination with melphalan, is now one of the most common regimens for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, with an improved response rate of up to 60-70 %.

Kitsch became defined as an aesthetically impoverished object of shoddy production, meant more to identify the consumer with a newly acquired class status than to invoke a genuine aesthetic response.

In 1909, Major ( later Colonel Sir ) Vernon Kell became director of the newly formed Secret Intelligence Bureau ( SIB ), created as a response to growing public opinion that all Germans living in England were spies.

Since they had received a favorable response to African American characters they had previously done on radio, Gosden and Correll proposed that the principal characters be African Americans, Sam Smith and Henry Johnson, newly arrived in Chicago from rural Alabama.

The coat of arms of Canberra was created by the Commonwealth Department of Home Affairs and Territories in 1927, in response to a request by the Commonwealth Department of Defence, who wanted to use it on the newly commissioned HMAS Canberra.

New growth and newly germinated seedlings produce more ethylene than can escape the plant, which leads to elevated amounts of ethylene, inhibiting leaf expansion ( see Hyponastic response ).

On the October 2, 2006 episode of Raw, interference from the newly reformed D-Generation X ( DX ) ( Triple H and Shawn Michaels ) cost Edge his " final chance " at John Cena's WWE Championship in a Steel cage match, though their interference was a response to the interference of Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch, led to Edge approaching Randy Orton and asking him to join forces to defeat DX, which Orton accepted and joined an alliance with Edge.

According to this hypothesis, the newly synthesized messenger travels across the synaptic cleft from the postsynaptic to the presynaptic cell, leading to a chain of events that facilitate the presynaptic response to subsequent stimuli.

As some have pointed out, one of the most flagrant problems of the collaborative response was that “ abnegation of responsibility is possible because there is no formal responsibility apportioned to agencies under the Collaborative Response, and thus no accountability when agencies renege on their promises .” The cluster approach – the successor to the collaborative approach-tried to do away with this problem by designating individual agencies as ‘ sector leaders ’ to coordinate operations in specific areas to try to plug those newly identified gaps.

During public discussion in 1950 of the King's potential response to the slim majority of the newly reelected Labour Party, the Lascelles Principles were formally stated in a letter by Sir Alan Lascelles, Private Secretary to King George VI, under the pseudonym " Senex " to the Editor of The Times, published 2 May 1950:

In response, some offer that Canada was without Bobby Orr due to his knee injury as well as Bobby Hull ( due to his departure from the NHL to the newly formed WHA ).

After a hormone binds to the corresponding receptor, the newly formed receptor-ligand complex translocates itself into the cell nucleus, where it binds to glucocorticoid response elements ( GRE ) in the promoter region of the target genes resulting in the regulation of gene expression.

After a hormone binds to the corresponding receptor, the newly formed receptor-ligand complex translocates itself into the cell nucleus, where it binds to many hormone response elements ( HREs ) in the promoter region of the target genes in the DNA.

White blood cells, carried to the area by the newly returning blood, release a host of inflammatory factors such as interleukins as well as free radicals in response to tissue damage.

Apostolic poverty is a doctrine professed in the thirteenth century by the newly formed religious orders, known as the mendicant orders, in direct response to calls for reform in the Roman Catholic Church.

In response to the war crisis, Governor Strong called the newly elected General Court to a special session on October 5, 1814.

Examples of this savagery include the retaliatory slaughter of human slaves ( this was shown after the victory of the Black Watch ), the nuclear destruction of San Diego ( also in response to the Black Watch's assassination of the Earth Commander of the Horde Forces ), and the decapitation of children ( especially by literally ripping their heads off ) in order to establish dominance over newly captured human slaves ( one particularly brutal terror-tactic favored by the Horde early in the war was to capture large numbers of humans in order to take them just outside the Earth's atmosphere and then eject them from the ships, allowing them to burn up in re-entry so watchers on the ground could see the streaks representing their burning forms.

In response, the 5th Tank Army was reinforced by the newly created 5th Shock Army, drawn from existing formations of the South-Western and Stalingrad Fronts ; the 5th Tank Army totaled nearly 71, 000 men, 252 tanks and 814 artillery guns.

Some revivals of the message incorrectly state that it was newly written as a direct response to recent crises ; in this question of its authorship alone, the address has become a part of urban legend.

In response to this spiritual hunger, about 70 students gathered in October 1947 in North Battleford, Saskatchewan, to begin the first term of the newly formed Sharon Bible College.

As a response to the increased global sedentarity and consequent overweight and obesity, one response that has been adopted by many organizations concerned with health and environment is the promotion of Active travel, which seeks to promote walking and cycling as safe and attractive alternatives to motorized transport.

On 14 July 1960, in response to requests by Prime Minister Lumumba, the UN Security Council adopted United Nations Security Council Resolution 143.

In response to the court decision, in 2007 the SEC adopted Rule 206 ( 4 )- 8, which unlike the earlier challenged rule, " does not impose additional filing, reporting or disclosure obligations " but does potentially increase " the risk of enforcement action " for negligent or fraudulent activity.

The first neuropsychological theory of hypnotic suggestion was introduced early on by James Braid who adopted his friend and colleague William Carpenter's theory of the ideo-motor reflex response to account for the phenomenon of hypnotism.

Founded in 1861 in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States, the institute adopted the European polytechnic university model and emphasized laboratory instruction from an early date.

In response to these questions, modern scholars have adopted a number of different approaches.

After the war, and in response to Roosevelt being elected to third and fourth terms, the Twenty-second Amendment was adopted.

It was adopted as a response to the abuse of the writ of assistance, which is a type of general search warrant, in the American Revolution.

In response, local governments have adopted various legal measures to prevent vandalism, but research has shown that the conventional strategies employed by the government in response to at least unapproved graffiti are not the most effective.

The IDA adopted the Crisis Response Window in 2007 to enable the rapid provision of emergency financing in response to crises.

In response, family preservation efforts grew so that few children born out of wedlock today are adopted.

Callaghan himself had adopted policies echoing monetarism while serving as prime minister from 1976 to 1979, adopting deflationary policies and reducing public spending in response to high inflation and national debt.

On the subject of propaganda, it should be borne in mind that, contrary to the impression given in the popular American film The Patriot, British forces never adopted a popular response to partisan-style asymmetric warfare — retribution massacres of groups selected on a semi-random basis from the population at large.

( This letter, adopted in response to the 1767 Townshend Acts, called for united colonial action against the acts.

It was adopted in response to student activism against the Vietnam War and to partially overrule the Supreme Court's decision in Oregon v. Mitchell.

In response to the failed sanctions against Austria following a coalition including Jörg Haider's party having come to power, and fears about possible future threats to the stability of the new member states to be admitted in enlargement, the Treaty of Nice for the first time adopted formal rules for the application of sanctions against a Member State.

In response to the economic crisis, the leaders of these countries quickly adopted and implemented new neoliberal policies due to prospect theory.

In response to these criticisms, some volunteer-edited directories have adopted wiki technology, to allow broader community participation in editing the directory ( at the risk of introducing lower-quality, less objective entries ).

In response, Bucer wrote a new confession, the Confessio Tetrapolitana ( Tetrapolitan Confession ), so named because only four cities adopted it, Strasbourg and three other southern German cities, Konstanz, Memmingen, and Lindau.

It has been adopted as a response to the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States.

It was adopted in response to " growing pressure exerted on countries to waive their right to enforce cultural policies and to put all aspects of the cultural sector on the table when negotiating international trade agreements ".

In response to the growing threat of fascism in the 1930s, Communist parties that were members of the Comintern ( then largely under the control of Joseph Stalin ) adopted a policy of forming broad alliances with almost any political party willing to oppose the fascists.

Because of the uncertain response to this dilemma by the merchant families, Cromwell's forces referred to them by the derogatory name, " The Tribes of Galway ", which they themselves later adopted as a mark of defiance.