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Page "Daniell cell" ¶ 17
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such and cell
the absence of such a link in the last cell indicates the end of the chain.
While cyanobacteria have been traditionally considered algae, recent works usually exclude them due to large differences such as the lack of membrane-bound organelles, the presence of a single circular chromosome, the presence of peptidoglycan in the cell walls, and ribosomes different in size and content from those of the Eukaryotes .< ref >
In certain sensory neurons ( pseudounipolar neurons ), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon.
For example, some resistance-modifying agents may inhibit multidrug resistance mechanisms, such as drug efflux from the cell, thus increasing the susceptibility of bacteria to an antibacterial.
Dying cells that undergo the final stages of apoptosis display phagocytotic molecules, such as phosphatidylserine, on their cell surface.
These molecules mark the cell for phagocytosis by cells possessing the appropriate receptors, such as macrophages.
Finally, a caspase 3 knock-out was characterized by ectopic cell masses in the brain and abnormal apoptotic features such as membrane blebbing or nuclear fragmentation.
A discussion of every disease caused by modification of the various apoptotic pathways would be impractical, but the concept overlying each one is the same: the normal functioning of the pathway has been disrupted in such a way as to impair the ability of the cell to undergo normal apoptosis.
* Expression of viral proteins coupled to MHC proteins on the surface of the infected cell, allowing recognition by cells of the immune system ( such as Natural Killer and cytotoxic T cells ) that then induce the infected cell to undergo apoptosis.
Gianfranco Fini, a moderniser who sees Nicolas Sarkozy and David Cameron as models, impressed an ambitious political line to the party, combining the pillars of conservative ideology like security, family values and patriotism with a progressive approach in other areas such as stem cell research and supporting voting rights for legal aliens.
These techniques allowed for the discovery and detailed analysis of many molecules and metabolic pathways of the cell, such as glycolysis and the Krebs cycle ( citric acid cycle ).
Fundamental life processes such as cell division and protein synthesis can be studied using plants without the moral issues that come with conducting studies upon animals or humans.
Plasma membranes can also form different types of " supramembrane " structures such as caveola, postsynaptic density, podosome, invadopodium, desmosome, hemidesmosome, focal adhesion, and cell junctions.
Some components of membranes play a key role in medicine, such as the efflux pumps that pump drugs out of a cell.
Bistability is key for understanding basic phenomena of cellular functioning, such as decision-making processes in cell cycle progression, cellular differentiation, and apoptosis.
It is within the cytoplasm that most cellular activities occur, such as many metabolic pathways including glycolysis, and processes such as cell division.
A huge range of inclusions exist in different cell types, and range from crystals of calcium oxalate or silicon dioxide in plants, to granules of energy-storage materials such as starch, glycogen, or polyhydroxybutyrate.
Algal cell walls contain either polysaccharides ( such as cellulose ( a glucan )) or a variety of glycoproteins ( Volvocales ) or both.
Unlike fungi, oomycetes typically possess cell walls of cellulose and glucans rather than chitin, although some genera ( such as Achlya and Saprolegnia ) do have chitin in their walls.
Appreciating the similarities and differences between cell types is particularly important to the fields of cell and molecular biology as well as to biomedical fields such as cancer research and developmental biology.
In some algae ( such as the heterokonts and other protists such as Euglenozoa and Cercozoa ), chloroplasts seem to have evolved through a secondary event of endosymbiosis, in which a eukaryotic cell engulfed a second eukaryotic cell containing chloroplasts, forming chloroplasts with three or four membrane layers.

such and sulfate
Although both polysaccharide classes share the same galactose-based backbone, agaropectin is heavily modified with acidic side-groups, such as sulfate and pyruvate.
* heavy metals and their salts, such as colloidal silver, silver nitrate, mercury chloride, phenylmercury salts, copper sulfate, copper oxide-chloride etc.
The process involved heating of sulfate and nitrate minerals such as copper sulfate, alum and saltpeter.
Hydration produces ettringite, and specialized physical properties ( such as expansion or rapid reaction ) are obtained by adjustment of the availability of calcium and sulfate ions.
Fining agents such as sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, or antimony oxide may be added to reduce the number of air bubbles in the glass mixture.
Indium ( III ) compounds are not well-soluble, similarly to thallium ( III ) compounds ; however, indium ( III ) salts of strong acids, such as chloride, sulfate and nitrate are soluble, hydrolyzing in water solutions.
Iron salts, such as ferrous sulfate ( made by treating iron with sulfuric acid ), were mixed with tannin from gallnuts ( they grow on trees ) and a thickener.
Latent images formed in silver halide crystals are developed by treatment with alkaline solutions of reducing agents such as hydroquinone, metol ( 4 -( methylamino ) phenol sulfate ) or ascorbate, which reduce the exposed halide to silver metal.
Common naturally occurring sulfur compounds include the sulfide minerals, such as pyrite ( iron sulfide ), cinnabar ( mercury sulfide ), galena ( lead sulfide ), sphalerite ( zinc sulfide ) and stibnite ( antimony sulfide ); and the sulfates, such as gypsum ( calcium sulfate ), alunite ( potassium aluminium sulfate ), and barite ( barium sulfate ).
These component ions can be inorganic such as chloride ( Cl < sup >−</ sup >), as well as organic such as acetate ( CH < sub > 3 </ sub > COO < sup >−</ sup >) and monatomic ions such as fluoride ( F < sup >−</ sup >), as well as polyatomic ions such as sulfate ( SO < sub > 4 </ sub >< sup > 2 −</ sup >).
Any heavy metal ion ( such as copper cations in copper ( II ) sulfate ) can act as a noncompetitive inhibitor of catalase.
It is a fine powder produced by grinding Portland cement clinker ( more than 90 %), a limited amount of calcium sulfate ( which controls the set time ) and up to 5 % minor constituents as allowed by various standards such as the European Standard EN197-1:
Most species produce hydrogen sulfide, which can readily be detected by growing them on media containing ferrous sulfate, such as TSI.
The photonic microstructures can be replicated using metal oxides or metal alkoxides such as titanium sulfate ( TiSO < sub > 4 </ sub >), zirconium oxide ( ZrO < sub > 2 </ sub >), and aluminium oxide ( Al < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 3 </ sub >).
In some materials, such as herapathite ( iodoquinine sulfate ) or Polaroid sheets, the effect is not strongly dependent on wavelength, and so the term dichroic is something of a misnomer, but still used.
In such organic-rich marine sediments, sulfate then becomes the most important terminal electron acceptor due to its high concentration in seawater, although it too is depleted by a depth of centimeters to meters.

such and ions
Synthesis of new elements is accomplished by bombarding target atoms of heavy elements with ions, such that the sum of the atomic numbers of the target and ion elements equals the atomic number of the element being created.
Argon-containing ions and excited state complexes, such as and ArF, respectively, are known to exist.
Sometimes small carbon containing ions are included in such schemes.
Effects such as superposition of differing ions with multiple electrons removed, or through the presence of complex species formation during evaporation may cause two or more species to have sufficiently close time-of-flights to make definitive identification impossible.
The hydronium ions of acid rain also mobilize toxins such as aluminium, and leach away essential nutrients and minerals such as magnesium.
For example, in the presence of H < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 2 </ sub > formed by the eosinophil, and either chloride or bromide ions, eosinophil peroxidase provides a potent mechanism by which eosinophils kill multicellular parasites ( such as, for example, the nematode worms involved in filariasis ); and also certain bacteria ( such as tuberculosis bacteria ).
Heavy ions such as iron, zinc, and arsenic leak during acid mine drainage.
However, the discrete and separate nature of the molecular concept usually requires that molecular ions be present only in well-separated form, such as a directed beam in a vacuum in a mass spectrograph.
Often, such bonds have no particular orientation in space, since they result from equal electrostatic attraction of each ion to all ions around them.
It can also be carried by ions in an electrolyte, or by both ions and electrons such as in a plasma.
On the contrary, many ions with high oxidation numbers, such as,,,, ) can gain one or two extra electrons and are strong oxidizing agents.
The ligands are Lewis bases, they can be both ions and neutral molecules, such as carbon monoxide, ammonia or water.
The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid ; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation and cell signaling.
The cytosol consists mostly of water, dissolved ions, small molecules, and large water-soluble molecules ( such as proteins ).
The concentrations of the other ions in cytosol are quite different from those in extracellular fluid and the cytosol also contains much higher amounts of charged macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids than the outside of the cell.
In the case of neutral-neutral reactions ( i. e., not involving any charged species, ions ), these type of barrier-free reactions usually involve free radical species such as molecular oxygen ( O2 ), the cyanide radical ( CN ) or the hydroxyl radical ( OH ).
Originally, a complex implied a reversible association of molecules, atoms, or ions through such weak chemical bonds.
Examples of electric currents include metallic conduction, where electrons flow through a conductor such as metal, and electrolysis, where ions ( charged atoms ) flow through liquids.
During the formation of macroscopic objects, usually the constituent atoms and ions will combine in such a manner that they form structures composed of neutral ionic compounds electrically bound to neutral atoms.
The best-understood receptors that are found concentrated in coated vesicles of mammalian cells are the LDL receptor ( which removes LDL from circulating blood ), the transferrin receptor ( which brings ferric ions bound by transferrin into the cell ) and certain hormone receptors ( such as that for EGF ).

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