Hurrian kingdoms, such as Nairi and the powerful state of Urartu arose in north eastern Anatolia from the 10th century BC, before eventually falling to the Assyrians.

Byzantine control was challenged by Arab raids starting in the 7th century ( see Byzantine – Arab Wars ), but in the 9th and 10th century a resurgent Byzantine Empire regained its lost territories and even expanded beyond its traditional borders, into Armenia and Syria ( ancient Aram ).

But by the 10th century the rule was commonly set aside, and we find frequent complaints of abbots dressing in silk, and adopting sumptuous attire.

During the Carolingian epoch the custom grew up of granting these as regular heritable fiefs or benefices, and by the 10th century, before the great Cluniac reform, the system was firmly established.

In the 10th century, Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi carried out observations on the stars and described their positions, magnitudes and star color, and gave drawings for each constellation, in his Book of Fixed Stars.

The 10th century Skald Þorbjörn dísarskáld is quoted in Skáldskaparmál as stating:

According to the Suda, a 10th century encyclopedia, Alexis was the paternal uncle of the dramatist Menander and wrote 245 comedies, of which only fragments now survive, including some 130 preserved titles.

Details of his life are described in a work by the 10th century Welsh scholar and bishop Asser.

The reason the digits are more commonly known as " Arabic numerals " in Europe and the Americas is that they were introduced to Europe in the 10th century by Arabs of North Africa, who were then using the digits from Libya to Morocco.

In the 10th century, Middle-Eastern mathematicians extended the decimal numeral system to include fractions, as recorded in a treatise by Syrian mathematician Abu ' l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi in 952 – 953.

A distinctive West Arabic variant of the symbols begins to emerge around the 10th century in the Maghreb and Al-Andalus, called ghubar (" sand-table " or " dust-table ") numerals, which are the direct ancestor of the modern Western Arabic numerals used throughout the world.

As a result of influence from the West Saxons, the tribes were collectively called Anglo-Saxons by the Normans, the West Saxon kingdom having conquered, united and founded the Kingdom of England by the 10th century.

Empress Adelaide was perhaps the most prominent European woman of the 10th century ; she was regent of the Holy Roman Empire as the guardian of her grandson in 991-995.

However, other scholars have argued that though 80 % of al-Andalus converted to Islam, it did not truly occur until near the 10th century.

The complete conversion of Afghanistan to Islam was during the period of the Ghaznavids in the 10th century.

The Hindu Shahi were defeated in the early part of the 10th century by Mahmud of Ghazna who ruled between 998 and 1030.

In the 10th century Troas is given as a suffragan of Cyzicus and distinct from the famous Troy ( Heinrich Gelzer, Ungedruckte ... Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum, 552 ; Georgii Cyprii descriptio orbis romani, 64 ); it is not known when the city was destroyed and the diocese disappeared.

The city dates back at least to the 10th century when it was known by its first Latin name of Alavarium, literally, " a gathering place or preserve of birds.

In 10th century Yemen al-Hamdani described how spreading al-iglimiya, probably zinc oxide, onto the surface of molten copper produced tutiya vapor which then reacted with the metal.

German brass making crucibles are known from Dortmund dating to the 10th century AD and from Soest and Schwerte in Westphalia dating to around the 13th century confirm Theophilus ' account, as they are open-topped, although ceramic discs from Soest may have served as loose lids which may have been used to reduce zinc evaporation, and have slag on the interior resulting from a liquid process.

Successful recreations have been performed by Anthemius of Tralles ( 6th century AD ), Proclus ( 6th century ) ( who by this means purportedly destroyed the fleet of Vitellus besieging Constantinople ), Ibn Sahl in his On Burning Mirrors and Lenses ( 10th century ), Alhazen in his Book of Optics ( 1021 ), Roger Bacon ( 13th century ), Giambattista della Porta and his friends ( 16th century ), Athanasius Kircher and Gaspar Schott ( 17th century ), the Comte du Buffon in 1740 in Paris, Ioannis Sakas in the 1970s in Greece, and others.

Some Jews did not accept the written codification of the oral law at all ; known as Karaites, they comprised a significant portion of the world Jewish population in the 10th and 11th Centuries CE, and remain extant, though they currently number in the thousands.

Dr. Bernard Revel, in dissertation on " Karaite Halacha ", points to writings of a 10th century Karaite, Ya ' qub al-Qirqisani, who quotes Philo, illustrating how Karaites made use of Philo's works in development of Karaism.

* 10th – 13th century: Karaites

Ski troops were trained for the war, and battles were waged in mountainous areas such as the battle at Riva Ridge in Italy, where the American 10th Mountain Division encountered heavy resistance in February 1945.

The western Sanhaja had been converted to Islam sometime in the 9th C. They were subsequently united in the 10th C., and with the zeal of neophyte converts launched several campaigns against the " Sudanese " ( pagan black peoples of sub-Saharan Africa ).

It was long thought that Saluki type sighthounds were originally brought to Russia from Byzantium in the South about the 9th and 10th centuries and again later by the Mongol invaders from the East.

The U. S. Army's last horse cavalry actions were fought during World War II: a ) by the 26th Cavalry Regiment ( PS ) in World War II — a small mounted regiment of Philippine Scouts which fought the Japanese during the retreat down the Bataan peninsula, until it was effectively destroyed by January 1942 ; and b ) on captured German horses by the mounted reconnaissance section of the U. S. 10th Mountain Division in a spearhead pursuit of the German Army across the Po Valley in Italy in April 1945.

Originally simply a list of kings with reign lengths, the other details contained in the Poppleton Manuscript version were added in the 10th and 12th centuries.

The earliest genealogical records of the descendants of Kenneth MacAlpin may date from the end of the 10th century, but their value lies more in their context, and the information they provide about the interests of those for whom they were compiled, than in the unreliable claims they contain.

The 10th Party Congress also introduced a ban on factionalism within the Communist Party ; however, what Lenin considered to be ' platforms ', such as the Democratic Centralists and the Workers Opposition, were allowed.

The 10th edition was only a supplement to the 9th, just as the 12th and 13th editions were supplements to the 11th.

The senf ( or sinf ) in 10th century Iran were seen to spread also in Arabia and Turkish regions under the name futuwwah or fütüvvet.

Clay grenades that were filled with Greek fire, 10th – 12th century, National Historical Museum ( Greece ) | National Historical Museum, Athens, Greece

From 1982 to 1991, twelve primetime Garfield cartoon specials and one hour-long primetime documentary celebrating the character's 10th anniversary were aired ; Lorenzo Music voiced Garfield in all of them.

There were renewed Scandinavian attacks on England at the end of the 10th century.

), as they were selected and translated into Greek at the Monastery of St Savas near Jerusalem about the 10th century.

They were more likely added at some point in the 10th century and may never have existed in any earlier set of annals.

By the turn from the 10th to the 11th century, the smaller burghs in the Parseta area were given up.

British Army troops, part of Middle East Command and comprising 25th Armoured Brigade and briefly 10th Armoured Division, were still present after independence and stayed in Libya until at least 1957.

Both the Sanhadja Confederation, at its height from the 8th to the 10th century, and the Almoravid Empire, from the 11th to the 12th century, were weakened by internecine warfare, and both succumbed to further invasions from the Ghana Empire and the Almohad Empire, respectively.

Protests were planned in Saltash, by the historical boundary between Devon and Cornwall since the 10th century.

Meanwhile in the downtown scene in New York's East Village 10th Street galleries, artists were formulating an American version of pop art.

Parabolic mirrors were also described by the physicist Ibn Sahl in the 10th century, and Ibn al-Haytham discussed concave and convex mirrors in both cylindrical and spherical geometries, carried out a number of experiments with mirrors, and solved the problem of finding the point on a convex mirror at which a ray coming from one point is reflected to another point.