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In the 1160s, Nur ad-Din's attention was mostly held by a competition with the King of Jerusalem, Amalric I, for control of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt.
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1160s and Nur
Another Hugh arrived in the 1160s and was captured in a battle with Nur ad-Din Zangi.
1160s and was
As a papal legate of Pope Alexander III, he was sent to teach canon law throughout Europe in the 1160s, and was sent to Portugal to crown Afonso II.
By the early 1160s, Ailred of Rievaulx was writing that intermarriage was common among all levels of society.
By the 1160s, this process of financial recovery was essentially complete.
This was based on the ' apostolic succession ' of revolts against the English and later, British Administrations, placing the last fully free Ireland in the Gaelic world of about the 1160s, before the Norman invasion of Ireland of 1168-71.
The Pope had earlier in 1165 authorized the first missionary Bishop of Estonia to be appointed, and was a close acquaintance of both Eskil, the Archbishop of Lund, and Stefan, the Archbishop of Uppsala, who both had spent time with him in France where he had been exiled in the 1160s.
Though there are inscriptions dating to the 1160s, the main church was built in 1215 under the auspices of the brothers Zakare and Ivane, the generals of Queen Tamar of Georgia, who took back most of Armenia from the Turks.
Though there are inscriptions dating to the 1160s, the main church was built in 1215 under the auspices of the brothers Zakare and Ivane ( of the Zakarid-Mkhargrzeli family ), the generals of Queen Tamar of Georgia, who took back most of Armenia from the Turks.
In the Middle Ages it was the site of the major Cistercian abbey of Coupar Angus, one of Scotland's most important monasteries, founded by Malcolm IV ( 1153 – 65 ) in the 1160s.
He was active in the 1160s and 1170s, spending time in Finchale with the hermit and saint Godric, and writing the works for which he is now known.
This was confirmed by the appointment of the king's former tutor, Alfred, as abbot, probably in the 1160s.
He was born in Champagne and came to the east in the 1160s, where he served King Amalric I, to whom he was distantly related.
Toghrul ( Wang Khan ), who was the son of Kurchakus by Ilma Khatun, reigned from 1160s to 1204.
His lordship was based in a cluster of lands in the River Sarthe valley, which he inherited in the 1160s.
The Sententiae was revised twice, probably during the 1150s and the 1160s.
Indeed it was used in this capacity both in the 1160s and 1590s.
1160s and held
References in the Marshal biography indicate that in the 1160s tournaments were being held in central France and Great Britain.
1160s and by
A third possibility is that there were in fact two castles: the first being built in the late 11th century and then demolished by Hugh Bigod in the 1160s in order to make way for a newer, larger castle.
Because of the rapid growth of the order, by the 1160s the site had become too confined, and the Order purchased the current site for the establishment of a larger monastic complex as their headquarters in England.
An example is the collegiate church of Marwell ( Hampshire ), founded by Bishop Henry of Winchester in the early 1160s.
1160s and with
By the 1160s, architects in the Île-de-France were employing similar systems but with longer and finer arches running from the outer surface of the clerestory wall, over the roof of the side aisles ( and hence visible from the outside ) to meet a heavy vertical buttress rising above the level of the outer wall.
Count Philip of Flanders made a practice in the 1160s of turning up armed with his retinue to the preliminary jousts, and then declining to join the mêlée until the knights were exhausted and ransoms could be swept up.
1160s and King
In the 1160s, the Church got involved, and made King Magnus Erlingsson the first Norwegian king to be crowned, in 1163 or 1164.
In England, however, King Henry II had established separate secular courts during the 1160s.
1160s and Amalric
Amalric and Guy were sons of Hugh VIII of Lusignan, who had himself campaigned in the Holy Land in the 1160s.
1160s and for
The most famous tournament fields were in northeastern France ( such as that between Ressons-sur-Matz and Gournay-sur-Aronde near Compiègne, in use between the 1160s and 1240s ) which attracted hundreds of foreign knights from all over Europe for the ' lonc sejor ' ( the tournament season ).
1160s and control
In the early 1160s, Erling had taken control of Viken and the bishopric of Nidaros and had subsequently made his underage son Magnus Erlingsson the king of Norway.
1160s and Fatimid
After the decay of the Fatimid political system in the 1160s, the Zengid ruler Nūr ad-Dīn had his general, Shirkuh, seize Egypt from the vizier Shawar in 1169.
1160s and .
The term " common law " originally derives from the 1150s and 1160s, when Henry II of England established the secular English tribunals.
Early in the 1160s there had been suggestions Richard should marry Alys ( Alice ), fourth daughter of Louis VII ; because of the rivalry between the kings of England and France, Louis obstructed the marriage.
* July 17 – Sverker the Younger, king of Sweden 1196 – 1208 ( b. in the 1160s ) ( in the Battle of Gestilren )
An excellent map, known as the Al Idrisi map from the calligrapher who developed it and dated from the 1160s, clearly depicts an accurate representation of Lake Victoria, and attributes it as the source of the Nile.
The first set of stone buildings, including the first hall, were built within the castle during the 1160s.
He died young, c. early 1160s, leaving his sizable estates to his three sisters.
In the 1160s, Burchardus, abbot of the cistercien monastery of Bellevaux in the Franche-Comté, wrote a treatise on beards.
The Hungarian king Stephen III is living in Bratislava castle in the 1160s and has its fortification improved.
Lombard pogroms against Muslims started in the 1160s.
Their presence north of the Danube, in Wallachia and Moldavia is first documented in the 1160s.
The sources of the 1160s and 1170s portray the event in the developed form it maintained into the fourteenth century.
The standard form of a tournament is evident in sources as early as the 1160s and 1170s, notably the Life of William Marshal and the romances of Chrétien de Troyes.
Nur and ad-Din's
Whatever the reason for the failure, the French and German armies returned home, and a few years later Damascus was firmly under Nur ad-Din's control.
Amalric and Shirkuh both besieged Bilbeis in 1164, but both withdrew due to Nur ad-Din's campaigns against Antioch, where Bohemond III of Antioch and Raymond III of Tripoli were defeated at the Battle of Harim.
Saladin soon began to assert his independence from Nur ad-Din, and with the death of both Amalric and Nur ad-Din in 1174, he was well-placed to begin exerting control over Nur ad-Din's Syrian possessions as well.
After Shawar was successfully reinstated as vizier, he demanded that Shirkuh withdraw his army from Egypt for a sum of 30, 000 dinars, but he refused insisting it was Nur ad-Din's will that he remain.
Prior to arriving at Montreal, Saladin withdrew, realizing that if he met Nur ad-Din at Shaubak, he would be refused return to Egypt because of Nur ad-Din's reluctance to consolidate such massive territorial control to Saladin.
In the wake of Nur ad-Din's death, Saladin faced a difficult decision ; he could move his army against the Crusaders from Egypt or wait until invited by as-Salih in Syria to come to his aid and launch a war from there.
When as-Salih was removed to Aleppo in August, Gumushtigin, the emir of the city and a captain of Nur ad-Din's veterans assumed guardianship over him.
He managed to capture Damietta, but within a few years he was expelled from Egypt by one of Nur ad-Din's generals, Saladin, who would later become Jerusalem's greatest threat.
Nur ad-Din also died in 1174, and his general Saladin spent the rest of the decade consolidating his hold on both Egypt and Nur ad-Din's possessions in Syria, which allowed him to completely encircle Jerusalem.
The city fell under Nur ad-Din's control in 1154, and the loss of a Muslim counterweight to Nur ad-Din was a diplomatic disaster.
Now ruling from Damascus, Nur ad-Din's success continued.
Ultimately, Nur ed-Din's Kurdish general Shirkuh was successful in conquering Egypt in 1169, but Shirkuh's nephew and successor as Governor of Egypt, Saladin, eventually rejected Nur ad-Din's control.
Together Mu ' in ad-Din and Nur ad-Din besieged the cities of Bosra ( see Battle of Bosra ) and Salkhad, which had been captured by a rebellious vassal of Mu ' in ad-Din named Altuntash, but Mu ' in ad-Din was always suspicious of Nur ad-Din's intentions and did not want to offend his former crusader allies in Jerusalem, who had helped defend Damascus against Zengi.
Nur ad-Din's victories and the crusaders ' losses in Asia Minor however had made the recovery of Edessa-their original goal-practically impossible.
It was Nur ad-Din's dream to unite the various Muslim forces between the Euphrates and the Nile to make a common front against the crusaders.
He married Nur ad-Din's widow, defeated the other claimants to the throne and took power in Syria in 1185, finally realizing Nur ad-Din's dream.
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