In response, Swift ’ s Modest Proposal was " a burlesque of projects concerning the poor ", that were in vogue during the early 18th century.

Wittowsky argues that not enough critics have taken the time to focus directly on the mercantilism and theories of labor in 18th century England.

At the start of a new industrial age in the 18th century, it was believed that " people are the riches of the nation ", and there was a general faith in an economy that paid its workers low wages because high wages meant workers would work less.

Louis A. Landa presents Swift ’ s A Modest Proposal as a critique of the popular and unjustified maxim of mercantilism in the 18th century that " people are the riches of a nation ".

" English borrowed the word from Spanish in the early 18th century.

After the fall of the Akkadian empire in the mid 21st century BC, the Assyrians who were the northern branch of the Akkadian people, colonised parts of the region between the 21st and mid 18th centuries BC and claimed the resources, notably silver.

Originating from Nesa, they conquered Hattusa in the 18th century BC, imposing themselves over Hattian and Hurrian speaking populations ( Hurrian was a Language Isolate and Hattian a Northwest Caucasian language ).

Thus the only member churches of the present Anglican Communion existing by the mid-18th century were the Church of England, its closely linked sister church, the Church of Ireland ( which also separated from Roman Catholicism under Henry VIII ) and the Scottish Episcopal Church which for parts of the 17th and 18th centuries was partially underground ( it was suspected of Jacobite sympathies ).

Late in the 18th century the first wave of Romantics such as Goethe and Turner came to admire the scenery ; Wordsworth visited the area in 1790, writing of his experiences in The Prelude.

In The Quest, Schweitzer reviewed all former work on the " historical Jesus " back to the late 18th century.

A novel called Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, based on Avicenna's story, was later written by Ibn Tufail ( Abubacer ) in the 12th century and translated into Latin and English as Philosophus Autodidactus in the 17th and 18th centuries respectively.

In the 18th century, Baroque Art was replaced by the more elegant and elaborate Rococo style.

Throughout the 18th century in France, a new wealthy and influential middle-class was beginning to rise, even though the royalty and nobility continued to be patrons of the arts.

Francois Boucher was the 18th century painter and engraver whose works are regarded as the perfect expression of French taste in the Rococo period.

Physiocracy was a French agrarianist philosophy that originated in the 18th century.

* Physiocrats, 18th century French thinkers

This theory was developed by the British chemist and physicist John Dalton in the 18th century.

In the 18th century the " dominant trend " in Britain, particularly in Latitudinarianism, was towards Arianism, with which the names of Samuel Clarke, Benjamin Hoadly, William Whiston and Isaac Newton are associated.

Many Christian denominations have been influenced by Arminian views, notably the Baptists ( See A History of the Baptists Third Edition by Robert G. Torbet ) in the 16th century, the Methodists, the Congregationalists of the early New England colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries and the Universalists and Unitarians in the 18th and 19th centuries.

The use of anagrams and fabricated personal names may be to circumvent restrictions on the use of real names, as happened in the 18th century when Edward Cave wanted to get around restrictions imposed on the reporting of the House of Commons.

In the 18th century, the Anadyr was described by the polar explorer Dmitry Laptev.

Up until the 18th century, amethyst was included in the cardinal, or most valuable, gemstones ( along with diamond, sapphire, ruby, and emerald ).

18th century Icelandic manuscript.

Even in the late 18th century the Abbess of Burtscheid was prevented from building a road linking her territory to the neighbouring estates of the duke of Jülich ; the city of Aachen even deployed its handful of soldiers to chase away the road-diggers.

Church and state in Europe suppressed nontrinitarian belief as heresy from the 4th to 18th century.

Proponents of scientific theories which contradicted scriptural interpretations could not only lose their academic appointments but were legally answerable to charges of heresy and blasphemy, charges which, even as late as the 18th century in Great Britain, could result in a death sentence with torture.

* Jonathan Eybeschutz, 18th century scholar, Dayan of Prague, accused of heresy

The Queensland Lutherans were " of a kind much more akin to 18th Century Moravians and Methodists than the confessionalism of Lutheranism, or the propositionalism of fundamentalism ( a Presbyterian heresy ).

Washington evidently was anxious for Morgan to be cautious as well as aggressive, for on May 17th, 18th and 20th he admonished the leader of the riflemen-rangers to be on the alert.

He appeared in the hopples about November 14, was treated for worms on the 18th, the latter date being the first time he struck a real pace.

At one point late in the day, when Palmer was lining up a 25-foot putt on the 16th, a thunderous cheer from the direction of the 18th green unmistakably announced that Player had birdied the final hole.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, there was much migration to Achill from other parts of Ireland, particularly Ulster, due to the political and religious turmoil of the time.

Traces of this hidden agenda of the city's history is found in the 18th century guidebooks to Aachen as well as to the other spas ; the main indication for visiting patients, ironically, was syphilis ; only by the end of the 19th century had rheuma become the most important object of cures at Aachen and Burtscheid.

The latter manuscript was severely damaged in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the authorship of the verse has been much disputed ; but likely it also is by Alfred.

The 4-volume work was an imaginary travel journal, one of the first historical novels, which Klemperer called " the encyclopedia of the new cult of the antique " in the late 18th century.

The system was used in Russia as late as the early 18th century when Peter the Great replaced it with Arabic numerals.

The constellation was created in the 18th century from an undesignated region of sky, so the stars comprising Antlia are faint.

From the 17th and 18th centuries onwards, its ancient military importance was clarified, as it was used by Portuguese and foreign armies to garrison or concentrate their forces.

This was not clarified further at the time, but on the 18th, the Prime Minister went further and said that the process of consulting everybody could take a long time, and that it could no longer be guaranteed that the legislation would be passed in time for the 2006 parliamentary election.

" Civilization was not used in its modern sense to mean " the opposite of barbarism "— as contrasted to civility, meaning politeness or civil virtue — until the second half of the 18th century.

* 18th Series ( Summer 1991 )-22 June-27 July episodes ( Bill Tidy replaces Tim and Humph asks ' what do points mean?

" She was favorably compared to both Joseph Addison and Samuel Johnson, no mean feat for a woman writer in the 18th century.

Dembe and Boden point out, however, that prominent mathematicians studying decision making in the 18th century used " moral " to mean " subjective ", which may cloud the true ethical significance in the term.

The word " brig " is an 18th century shortening of the word brigantine, which came to mean a vessel square-rigged on both masts.

His two main projects in this area has just recently been released entitled Biopower and Biopolitics, it relates to the practice of modern Nation states and their regulation of their subjects through " an explosion of numerous and diverse techniques for achieving the subjugations of bodies and the control of populations " and also by describing Biopower: " By this I mean a number of phenomena that seem to me to be quite significant, namely, the set of mechanisms through which the basic biological features of the human species became the object of a political strategy, of a general strategy of power, or, in other words, how, starting from the 18th century, modern Western societies took on board the fundamental biological fact that human beings are a species.

) Legal reforms from the 18th century onwards mean that everyone in the United Kingdom now has the right to make a solemn affirmation instead of an oath.

Jack is the most common name used in English language nursery rhymes and by the 18th century represented an archetypal Everyman hero, while by the end of the Middle Ages Jill or Gill had come to mean a young girl or a sweetheart.

Consol ( originally short for consolidated annuities, but can now be taken to mean consolidated stock ) is a form of British government bond ( gilt ), dating originally from the 18th century.

On the 18th Lord Sandwich wrote to him: " I will not delay informing you that I mean to give you immediate promotion as a reward for your gallant and officer-like conduct.

Known as Sanbec in 1086, Sondbache ( also Sondebache ) in 1260, and Sandbitch in the 17 – 18th centuries, Sandbach derives its name from the Anglo-Saxon sand bæce, which can mean " sand stream " or " sand valley ".

However, before the 18th century, it could mean other values, depending on the objects being counted.

Its diminutive, target, came to mean an object to be aimed at in the 18th century.

In its earlier versions it was somewhat like a madrigal but lighter in style ; but by the 18th century, especially as it moved outside of Italy, the term came to mean a song for voice and accompaniment, usually in a light secular style.

The symbol shown on this page was also used in 18th century chemistry to mean residue, remainder, or residuum.