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18th and century
In response, Swift ’ s Modest Proposal was " a burlesque of projects concerning the poor ", that were in vogue during the early 18th century.
Wittowsky argues that not enough critics have taken the time to focus directly on the mercantilism and theories of labor in 18th century England.
At the start of a new industrial age in the 18th century, it was believed that " people are the riches of the nation ", and there was a general faith in an economy that paid its workers low wages because high wages meant workers would work less.
Louis A. Landa presents Swift ’ s A Modest Proposal as a critique of the popular and unjustified maxim of mercantilism in the 18th century that " people are the riches of a nation ".
" English borrowed the word from Spanish in the early 18th century.
After the fall of the Akkadian empire in the mid 21st century BC, the Assyrians who were the northern branch of the Akkadian people, colonised parts of the region between the 21st and mid 18th centuries BC and claimed the resources, notably silver.
Originating from Nesa, they conquered Hattusa in the 18th century BC, imposing themselves over Hattian and Hurrian speaking populations ( Hurrian was a Language Isolate and Hattian a Northwest Caucasian language ).
Thus the only member churches of the present Anglican Communion existing by the mid-18th century were the Church of England, its closely linked sister church, the Church of Ireland ( which also separated from Roman Catholicism under Henry VIII ) and the Scottish Episcopal Church which for parts of the 17th and 18th centuries was partially underground ( it was suspected of Jacobite sympathies ).
Late in the 18th century the first wave of Romantics such as Goethe and Turner came to admire the scenery ; Wordsworth visited the area in 1790, writing of his experiences in The Prelude.
In The Quest, Schweitzer reviewed all former work on the " historical Jesus " back to the late 18th century.
A novel called Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, based on Avicenna's story, was later written by Ibn Tufail ( Abubacer ) in the 12th century and translated into Latin and English as Philosophus Autodidactus in the 17th and 18th centuries respectively.
In the 18th century, Baroque Art was replaced by the more elegant and elaborate Rococo style.
Throughout the 18th century in France, a new wealthy and influential middle-class was beginning to rise, even though the royalty and nobility continued to be patrons of the arts.
Francois Boucher was the 18th century painter and engraver whose works are regarded as the perfect expression of French taste in the Rococo period.
Physiocracy was a French agrarianist philosophy that originated in the 18th century.
* Physiocrats, 18th century French thinkers
This theory was developed by the British chemist and physicist John Dalton in the 18th century.
In the 18th century the " dominant trend " in Britain, particularly in Latitudinarianism, was towards Arianism, with which the names of Samuel Clarke, Benjamin Hoadly, William Whiston and Isaac Newton are associated.
Many Christian denominations have been influenced by Arminian views, notably the Baptists ( See A History of the Baptists Third Edition by Robert G. Torbet ) in the 16th century, the Methodists, the Congregationalists of the early New England colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries and the Universalists and Unitarians in the 18th and 19th centuries.
The use of anagrams and fabricated personal names may be to circumvent restrictions on the use of real names, as happened in the 18th century when Edward Cave wanted to get around restrictions imposed on the reporting of the House of Commons.
In the 18th century, the Anadyr was described by the polar explorer Dmitry Laptev.
Up until the 18th century, amethyst was included in the cardinal, or most valuable, gemstones ( along with diamond, sapphire, ruby, and emerald ).
18th century Icelandic manuscript.
Even in the late 18th century the Abbess of Burtscheid was prevented from building a road linking her territory to the neighbouring estates of the duke of Jülich ; the city of Aachen even deployed its handful of soldiers to chase away the road-diggers.

18th and Scottish
Bundle theory, originated by the 18th century Scottish philosopher David Hume, is the ontological theory about objecthood in which an object consists only of a collection ( bundle ) of properties, relations or tropes.
British settlement of the Maritimes, as the colonies of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island came to be known, accelerated throughout the late 18th century and into the 19th century with significant immigration to the region as a result of Scottish migrants displaced by the Highland Clearances and Irish escaping the Great Irish Famine ( 1845-1849 ).
* Scottish Enlightenment, period in 18th century Scotland
A fundamental principle of geology advanced by the 18th century Scottish physician and geologist James Hutton, is that " the present is the key to the past.
Scottish politics in the late 18th century was dominated by the Whigs, with the benign management of Archibald Campbell, 3rd Duke of Argyll ( 1682 – 1761 ), who was in effect the " viceroy of Scotland " from the 1720s until his death in 1761.
The British Linen Company, established in 1746, was the largest firm in the Scottish linen industry in the 18th century, exporting linen to England and America.
While the Scottish Enlightenment is traditionally considered to have concluded toward the end of the 18th century, disproportionately large Scottish contributions to British science and letters continued for another 50 years or more, thanks to such figures as the mathematicians and physicists James Clerk Maxwell, Lord Kelvin, and the engineers and inventors James Watt and William Murdoch, whose work was critical to the technological developments of the Industrial Revolution throughout Britain.
By the 18th century, the Kirk of Scotland no longer recognized marriages formed by mutual consent and subsequent sexual intercourse, even though the Scottish civil authorities did.
The term was adopted in the late 18th century by Scottish engineer James Watt to compare the output of steam engines with the power of draft horses.
The strongest remaining Irish influence can be seen in the presence of bagpipes in the music of Bermuda, which stemmed from the presence of Scottish and Irish soldiers from the 18th through 20th centuries.
Scottish explorer James Bruce experimented in the late 18th century with papyrus plants from the Sudan, for papyrus had become extinct in Egypt.
During the 17th and 18th centuries, the shorter smallsword became an essential fashion accessory in European countries and the New World, though in some places such as the Scottish Highlands large swords as the basket-hilted broadsword were preferred, and most wealthy men and military officers carried one slung from a belt.
The Norn language was a form of Old Norse, which continued to be spoken until the 18th century when it was replaced by an insular dialect of Scots known as Shetlandic, which is in turn is being replaced by Scottish English.
If the Taylor series is centered at zero, then that series is also called a Maclaurin series, named after the Scottish mathematician Colin Maclaurin, who made extensive use of this special case of Taylor series in the 18th century.
Uniformitarianism was formulated by Scottish naturalists in the late 18th century, starting with the work of the geologist James Hutton, which was refined by John Playfair and popularised by Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology in 1830.
The ambitious Scottish 18th century artist Gavin Hamilton found a solution to the problem of using modern dress, considered unheroic and inelegant, in history painting by using Middle Eastern settings with Europeans wearing local costume, as travellers were advised to do.
A major centre of the Scottish Enlightenment during the 18th century, in the 19th century ( while continuing to educate the upper classes ), Glasgow became a pioneer in British higher education by providing for the needs of students from the growing urban and commercial middle classes.
There is a Scottish school of universal grammarians from the 18th century, to be distinguished from the philosophical language project, and including authors such as James Beattie, Hugh Blair, James Burnett, James Harris, and Adam Smith.
In the 18th century, for example, Scottish Highland fighters liked to wield small shields ( known as a targe ), and as late as the 19th century, some non-industrialized peoples employed them ( such as Zulu warriors ) when waging war.
In the 18th Century, the Scottish clans used a small, round shield called a targe that was partially effective against the firearms of the time, although it was arguably more often used against British infantry bayonets and cavalry swords in close-in fighting.
The Highland Clearances were forced displacements of the populations of the Scottish Highlands and Islands in the 18th century.
Long ( 2002 ) notes that since the 1980s, scholars have connected American religious camp meetings to Scottish holy fairs of the 17th – 18th centuries.
Distilling probably arrived in what would later become known as Kentucky when Scottish, Scots-Irish, and other settlers ( including, English, Irish, Welsh, German and French ) began to farm the area in earnest in the late 18th century.

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