These generals were being replaced by colonels who had entered the army in the early 1970s and whose view of the world had been shaped less by ideology and more by pragmatism.

Examples of common law being replaced by statute or codified rule in the United States include criminal law ( since 1812, U. S. courts have held that criminal law must be embodied in statute if the public is to have fair notice ), commercial law ( the Uniform Commercial Code in the early 1960s ) and procedure ( the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in the 1930s and the Federal Rules of Evidence in the 1970s ).

These were replaced with brick façades, and back yards were added in the 1970s.

In the late 1960s and 1970s, the Celsius scale ( known until 1948 as centigrade ) replaced Fahrenheit in almost all countries, typically during their metrication process.

AEGIS processed the information through Hughes H5118ME computers, which replaced the H3118M computers installed at NADGE sites in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

By the end of the 1960s – 1970s, most western countries had completely replaced steam locomotives in passenger service.

After the Partial Test Ban Treaty ( 1963 ), which prohibited atmospheric testing, the movement against nuclear weapons somewhat subsided in the 1970s ( and was replaced in part by a movement against nuclear power ).

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, methodological pluralism replaced the singular neo-Aristotelian method.

Cord switchboards used for these purposes were replaced in the 1970s and 1980s by TSPS and similar systems, which greatly reduced operator involvement in calls.

The IF filter originally involved a complex collection of tuneable inductors that needed careful adjustment to reconstruct the rest of the vestigial sideband, but since the 1970s or early 1980s these have been replaced with precision electromechanical surface acoustic wave ( SAW ) filters.

Punched card readers and fast printers replaced teleprinters for most purposes, but teleprinters continued to be used as interactive time-sharing terminals until video displays became widely available in the late 1970s.

Similar British 23 channel systems at 1. 536 Mbaud in the 1970s were equipped with ternary signal repeaters, in anticipation of using a 3B2T or 4B3T code to increase the number of voice channels in future, but in the 1980s the systems were merely replaced with European standard ones.

The W-class trams were gradually replaced by the new Z-class trams in the 1970s, and by the A-class trams and the larger, articulated B-class trams in the 1980s.

By the 1970s the standard or transorbital lobotomy had been replaced with other forms of psychosurgical operations.

Throughout the 1970s, electro-mechanical arcade games were gradually replaced by electronic video games, following the release of Pong in 1972.

By the end of the 1970s the Afro had fallen out of favour among African-Americans, and was being replaced by other natural hairstyles such as cane rows and dreadlocks.

In the 1970s, white disposable paper caps replaced cotton ones ; in the 1980s, plastic aprons displaced the traditional ones and outerwear began to disappear.

In the 1960s and 1970s brake drums on the front wheels of cars were gradually replaced with disc brakes and now practically all cars use disc brakes on the front wheels, with many offering disc brakes on all wheels.

In the late 1970s, this style was replaced with more surreal works such as Pow Wow ( 1979, Ludwig Forum für Internationale Kunst, Aachen ).

He carelessly spoke of creating " make work programs ", a discarded phrase from the 1970s that had been replaced by the less patronizing " job creation programs ".

The first widely used term, homosexual, was thought to carry negative connotations and tended to be replaced by homophile in the 1950s and 1960s, and subsequently gay in the 1970s.

Core was replaced by integrated semiconductor RAM chips in the 1970s.

High climbers and whistle punks were both phased out in the 1960s to early 1970s when portable steel towers replaced spar trees and radio equipment replaced steam whistles for communication.

In the early years, sound quality was mediocre, but it improved dramatically by the early 1970s when it caught up with the quality of 8-track tape and kept improving.

Despite the progress made in improving the street's architectural coherence post-1916 and 1922, poor planning controls in the 1970s and 1980s had a negative impact on the vitality and presentation of O ' Connell Street.

S & T's circulation exceeded that of Avalon Hill's The General by the mid 1970s, improving its physical appearance dramatically under the guidance of Redmond Simonsen.

In the 1970s, Tupolev concentrated its efforts on improving the performance of the Tu-22M bombers, whose variants included maritime versions.

In the 1970s in Korea the Planned Parenthood Federation had succeed in lowering birth rates and improving life in villages such as Oryu Li.

The P-700 was designed in the 1970s to replace the P-70 Ametist and P-120 Malakhit, both effective missiles but with too short a range in the face of improving weapons of U. S. Navy carrier battle groups.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s the introduction of smart weapons allowed conventional forces to directly attack point targets like bridges and roads, dramatically improving the ability to interdict the enemy, while at the same time allowing the aircraft to operate from safer, higher altitudes.

Since the 1970s, forest managers worldwide have been encouraged to allow dead trees and woody debris to remain in woodlands, recycling nutrients trapped in the wood and providing food and habitat for a wide range of organisms, thereby improving biodiversity.

Although Conrail's government-funded rebuilding of the dilapidated infrastructure and rolling stock it inherited from its six predecessors succeeded by the end of the 1970s in improving the physical condition of tracks, locomotives, and freight cars, the fundamental economic regulatory issues remained, and Conrail continued to post losses of as much as $ 1 million a day.

Its condition has been improving since the 1970s and the Aura river is now clean enough to support salmon.

At that time ( early 1970s ) there was renewed interest in improving the quality of optical soundtracks, which had changed little since the 1930s.

The New International Economic Order ( NIEO ) was a set of proposals put forward during the 1970s by some developing countries through the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development to promote their interests by improving their terms of trade, increasing development assistance, developed-country tariff reductions, and other means.

Not until the 1970s was there real investment made in improving the sewage treatment arrangements.

Since the early 1970s the river has been steadily improving in quality largely due to the closure of all the coal mines and through the investment in sewerage and sewage treatment.

The 1970s and ' 80s saw an increased interest in improved fuel economy which brought in a return to smaller V-6 and four-cylinder layouts, with as many as five valves per cylinder to improve efficiency.

This was called a " solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell " ( SPEFC ) in the early 1970s, before the proton exchange mechanism was well-understood.

Peat-cutting for fuel occurred at some locations on Dartmoor until certainly the 1970s, usually for personal use.

During the fuel crisis of the 1970s, Saab-Valmet developed and series-produced the Saab 99 Petro that ran on kerosene, turpentine or gasoline.

When increasing concern within the company over the pricing and availability of fuel during the oil crisis of the 1970s became an issue of contention, smaller engines were considered in the interest of fuel economy.

By the mid 1970s wildebeest and the Cape buffalo populations had recovered, and were increasingly cropping the grass, reducing the amount of fuel available for fires.

The corporate average fuel economy ( CAFE ) standard was ratified in the 1970s to regulate the fuel economy of passenger vehicles.

The ACO, organisers of the Le Mans 24 Hours, attempted to come up with a formula that would encourage more prototypes back to the race but would also be relatively economical – their Grand Touring Prototype rules in the late 1970s, based on fuel consumption rules, gave rise to two different varieties of sports car racing that were widely held to be a high point in the history of the sport.

Riding the crest of national economic growth during the 1970s Emery County's population grew significantly as a result of the construction of large coal-fired power plants in Castle Dale and Huntington by Utah Power & Light Company ( PacifiCorp ) and the expansion of coal mines to fuel these important power plants.

In the 1970s, the area began bituminous coal production for fuel in the cement industry.

The Archaeological and Historic Preservation Act of 1974, commonly known as the Moss-Bennett Act, helped to fuel the creation of CRM, while creating “ growth in archaeological jobs in the federal government, academia, and private sector .” Federal legislation had passed earlier in 1906 under the Antiquities Act, but it was not until the 1970s when the term “ cultural resources ” was coined by the National Park Services.

The 1970s brought about fuel shortages and developing nations began to produce cheaper sugar.

* Chastant's Garage, in continuous operation since the 1970s, Chastant's offers fuel, comprehensive auto repair and auto parts.

In the 1960s and 1970s, McDowell County coal continued to be a major source of fuel for the steel and electric power generation industries.

The commercial success of hovercraft suffered from rapid rises in fuel prices during the late 1960s and 1970s, following conflict in the Middle East.

The addition of the Interhandel capital, which propelled UBS into the top spot among Swiss banks in 1968, also made UBS one of the strongest banks in Europe and helped fuel the bank ’ s further expansion in the late 1960s and 1970s.

For example, Ivan Illich calculated that, in America in the 1970s, if you add the time spent to work to earn the money to buy a car, the time spent in the car ( including traffic jam ), the time spent in the health care industry because of a car crash, the time spent in the oil industry to fuel cars ... etc., and you divide the number of kilometres traveled per year by that, you obtain the following calculation: 10000 km per year per person divided by 1600 hours per year per American equals 6 km per hour.

The depletion of readily accessible fuel resources west of the Urals caused development and exploitation to shift to the inhospitable terrain of western Siberia, which in the 1970s and 1980s displaced the Volga-Ural and the southern European regions as the country's primary supplier of fuel and energy.

In the 1970s, Ford designed and produced a small-block engine with hemispherical heads to address the growing concerns about fuel economy.

With dramatic increases in the price of jet fuel in the 1970s, many of Southern's routes were no longer cost-effective.

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the need for alternative storage in the United States began to grow when pools at many nuclear reactors began to fill up with stored spent fuel.