Edward Fredkin ( 1980s ), Jürgen Schmidhuber ( 1990s ), Stephen Wolfram ( A New Kind of Science ) and others have expanded on it.

In some esoteric currents of Neo-Nazism, Neofolk, National Socialist Black Metal and Nazi paganism, Wiligut's writings enjoyed a renewal of interest in the 1990s, when this research topic was made public by the emerging Internet as an uncontrolled mass medium, as well as opened archives and Hans Jürgen Langes Biography on Wiligut, which extends an earlier Wiligut Biography written by Rudolf Mund, the last prior of the ' Neutemplerorden ' ( ONT ).

Various methods for doing so were developed in the 1980s and early 1990s by Paul Werbos, Ronald J. Williams, Tony Robinson, Jürgen Schmidhuber,

Professor Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke states that " In the early 1990s, the Austrians Norbert Jürgen Ratthofer and Ralf Ettl and developed new nazi UFO myths involving ancient Babylon, Vril energy and extraterrestrial civilisation in the solar system of Aldebaran.

During the early 1990s Schmidhuber also invented a neural method for nonlinear independent component analysis ( ICA ) called predictability minimization.

A number of political scandals in the 1980s and 1990s created the impression of what was described in the British press as " sleaze ": a perception that the then Conservative government was associated with political corruption and hypocrisy.

In the 1990s, Hezbollah transformed from a revolutionary group into a political one, in a process which is described as the Lebanonisation of Hezbollah.

In a 2008 book, David Neumark and William L. Wascher described their analysis of studies on the minimum wage, from several countries covering a period of over 50 years ( but primarily from the 1990s onward ).

Steve Huey in Allmusic describes the band as " one of the most unusual cult bands of the 1990s ... driven by frontman Mike Doughty's stream-of-consciousness poetry, Soul Coughing's sound was a willfully idiosyncratic mix of improvisational jazz grooves, oddball samples, hip-hop, electronics, and noisy experimentalism ( described by Doughty as ' deep slacker jazz ').

Since the 1990s, many physicists believe that 11-dimensional M-theory, which is described in many sectors by matrix string theory, in many other sectors by perturbative string theory, is the theory of everything.

Beginning in the late 1980s and continuing in the early 1990s, Ross Perot began speaking out about what he described as the failings of the United States government.

Zuniceratops, the earliest known ceratopsian with brow horns, was described in the late 1990s, and Yinlong, the first known Jurassic ceratopsian, in 2005.

Juan Gabriel Valdés, Chile's foreign minister in the 1990s, described the Chile Project as " a striking example of an organized transfer of ideology from the United States to a country within its direct sphere of influence ... the education of these Chileans derived from a specific project designed in the 1950s to influence the development of Chilean economic thinking.

Privatisation during the 1990s in both Slovakia and the Czech Republic was harmed by widespread unlawful asset stripping ( also described by the journalistic term of tunnelling ).

From the late 1980s to the early 1990s, Grinder described what he saw as limitations of his original work, and began collaborating with other practitioners to update the methods, leading to what he described as the " New Code ".

The popular Cirrus Logic graphics chips of the early 1990s made use of the spare high-order bit for their so-called " mixed " video modes: with bit 15 clear, bits 0 through 14 would be treated as an RGB value as described above, while with bit 15 set, bit 0 through 7 would be interpreted as an 8-bit index into a 256-color palette ( with bits 8 through 14 remaining unused.

The range of post-techno styles to emerge in the early 1990s were described variously as art techno, ambient techno, intelligent techno, and electronica.

During the late 1980s and the 1990s, debate between positivists and post-positivists became the dominant debate and has been described as constituting the Third " Great Debate " ( Lapid 1989 ).

Another influential theoretician of ethnicity was Fredrik Barth, whose " Ethnic Groups and Boundaries " from 1969 has been described as instrumental in spreading the usage of the term in social studies in the 1980s and 1990s.

She was once described in the early 1990s by the New York Times as “ Ed Koch in a stretchy black dress ”.

Several articles in the radio magazine Popular Communications published in the 1980s and early 1990s described hobbyists using portable radio direction-finding equipment to locate numbers stations in Florida and in the Warrenton, Virginia, areas of the United States.

Throughout the 1990s ( and particularly in 1996 ), commercial banking firms became content with the regulatory situation Volcker described.

Melanie Fein has described how the consolidation of the banking and securities industries occurred in the 1990s, particularly after the Federal Reserve Board ’ s actions in 1996 and 1997 increasing Section 20 “ bank-ineligible ” revenue limits and removing “ firewalls .” Fein stated that “ lthough the Gramm-Leach-Blily Act was expected to trigger a cascade of new consolidation proposals, no major mergers of banks and securities firms occurred in the years immediately following ” and that the “ consolidation trend resumed abruptly in 2008 as a result of the financial crisis ” leading to all the large investment banks being acquired by, or converting into, bank holding companies.

In describing the “ transformation of the U. S. financial services industry ” from 1975-2000 ( i. e., from after the “ revolution in banking ” described by Mayer in 1974 to the effective date of the GLBA ), Arthur Wilmarth described how during the 1990s, despite remaining bank holding companies, J. P. Morgan & Co. and Bankers Trust “ built financial profiles similar to securities firms with a heavy emphasis on trading and investments .” In 1993, Helen Garten described the transformation of the same companies into “ wholesale banks ” similar to European “ universal banks .”

The long-time host of the show until the mid 1990s was Bill Minkin, whose voice has been described as " the perfect blend of hipster enthusiasm and stoner casualness.

The third phase of CALL described by Warschauer & Healey, Integrative CALL, starting from the 1990s, tried to address criticisms of the communicative approach by integrating the teaching of language skills into tasks or projects to provide direction and coherence.

Although Artificial Intelligence and Discrete Optimization had known and reasoned about Constraint Satisfaction Problems for many years, it was not until the early 1990s that this process for solving large CSPs had been codified in algorithmic form.

Much of this work anticipated the subsequent development of the motivic homotopy theory of Fabien Morel and V. Voevodsky in the mid 1990s.

In the late 1990s, anthropologist Stanley Ambrose proposed that a volcanic winter induced by this eruption reduced the human population to about 2, 000-20, 000 individuals, resulting in a population bottleneck ( see Toba catastrophe theory ).

However, not until the late 1980s or early 1990s did film theory per se achieve much prominence in American universities by displacing the prevailing humanistic, auteur theory that had dominated cinema studies and which had been focused on the practical elements of film writing, production, editing and criticism.

During the 1990s the digital revolution in image technologies has had an impact on film theory in various ways.

Model theory developed rapidly during the 1990s, and a more modern definition is provided by Wilfrid Hodges ( 1997 ):

In the early 1990s, it was shown that the various superstring theories were related by dualities which allow the description of an object in one super string theory to be related to the description of a different object in another super string theory.

Before the 1990s, string theorists believed there were five distinct superstring theories: open type I, closed type I, closed type IIA, closed type IIB, and the two flavors of heterotic string theory ( SO ( 32 ) and E < sub > 8 </ sub >× E < sub > 8 </ sub >).

In the late 1990s, it was noted that one problem with several of the candidates for theories of everything ( but particularly string theory ) was that they did not constrain the characteristics of the predicted universe.

In the 1990s, based upon its monitoring of creationist efforts, it issued warnings of high levels of official anti-evolutionism and a " sharp surge upwards " in creationist attacks on evolution, including attempts to downgrade evolution from " fact " to " theory " ( see evolution as theory and fact ) or present the " evidence against evolution " ( see objections to evolution ).

The protein folding phenomenon was largely an experimental endeavor until the formulation of an energy landscape theory of proteins by Joseph Bryngelson and Peter Wolynes in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

While GT cars are at least in theory based on road going versions, some GT1 cars in the mid to late 1990s were effectively purpose-built sports-prototypes which spawned exotic production cars with homologation production limits of 25 cars ( for small manufacturers, such as Saleen ) or 100 cars ( for major manufacturers like Daimler AG ).

Situationist urban theory, defined initially by the members of the Lettrist International as " Unitary Urbanism ," was extensively developed through the behavioural and performance structures of The Workshop for Non-Linear Architecture during the 1990s.

The " Minimalist Program " aims at the further development of ideas involving economy of derivation and economy of representation, which had started to become significant in the early 1990s, but were still rather peripheral aspects of Transformational-generative grammar theory.

In the 1990s psychologist D. Corydon Hammond publicized a detailed theory of ritual abuse drawn from hypnotherapy sessions with his patients, alleging they were victims of a worldwide conspiracy of organized, secretive clandestine cells who used torture, mind control and ritual abuse to create alternate personalities that could be " activated " with codewords and were trained as assassins, prostitutes, drug traffickers, and child sex workers ( used to create child pornography ).

For example, in the 1980s and 1990s, some researchers proposed ( based primarily on the similarity of the visual pathways ) that the Megachiroptera were in fact more closely affiliated with the primates than the Microchiroptera, with the two groups of bats having therefore evolved flight via convergence ( see Flying primates theory ).

In the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s cognitive load theory began to find empirical support for a variety of presentation techniques.

Michael Omi and Howard Winant have argued in the their book Racial Formation in the United States: from the 1960s to the 1990s that ethnicity theory fails to grapple effectively with the meaning and material significance of race in the US and offer a theory of racial formation as an alternative view.