Now, although the roots of the mystery story in serious literature go back as far as Balzac, Dickens, and Poe, it was not until the closing decades of the 19th century that the private detective became an established figure in popular fiction.

This Europeanization of the law was made explicit by a number of 19th century scholars.

The Civil War was a significant force in the eventual dominance of the singular usage by the end of the 19th century.

In the zoological sciences, some of his observations were confirmed to be accurate only in the 19th century.

His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, which was incorporated in the late 19th century into modern formal logic.

With the Prior Analytics, Aristotle is credited with the earliest study of formal logic, and his conception of it was the dominant form of Western logic until 19th century advances in mathematical logic.

The term was originally coined in the 19th century by the founding sociologist and philosopher of science, Auguste Comte, and has become a major topic for psychologists ( especially evolutionary psychology researchers ), evolutionary biologists, and ethologists.

From its beginnings in the early 19th century through the early 20th century, anthropology in the United States was influenced by the presence of Native American societies.

In Greece, there was since the 19th century a science of the folklore called laographia ( laography ), in the form of " a science of the interior ", although theoretically weak ; but the connotation of the field deeply changed after World War II, when a wave of Anglo-American anthropologists introduced a science " of the outside ".

The Apollo Belvedere is a marble sculpture that was rediscovered in the late 15th century ; for centuries it epitomized the ideals of Classical Antiquity for Europeans, from the Renaissance through the 19th century.

Early 19th century.

In the Middle Bronze Age an apparently " alphabetic " system known as the Proto-Sinaitic script is thought by some to have been developed in the Sinai peninsula during the 19th century BC, by Canaanite workers in the Egyptian turquoise mines.

From the 19th century it once again became more and more popular.

Yombe people | Yombe-sculpture, 19th century

Portugal has been present in Angola for 400 years, occupied the territory in the 19th and early 20th century, and ruled over it for about 50 years.

Distinctions in vocabulary persist, for example, in culinary terms, where communication with Germans is frequently difficult, and administrative and legal language, which is due to Austria's exclusion from the development of a German nation-state in the late 19th century and its manifold particular traditions.

Until the late 19th century, the axiom of choice was often used implicitly, although it had not yet been formally stated.

The Iron is a famous 19th century landmark in central Norrköping

The museum can be found in the 19th century building The Iron in the Motala ström river in central Norrköping.

With the beginning of the slow decline of the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century, and as a result of the expansionist policies of Czarist Russia in the Caucasus, many Muslim nations and groups in that region, mainly Circassians, Tatars, Azeris, Lezgis, Chechens, and several Turkic groups left their ancestral homelands and settled in Anatolia.

Later in the 19th century, other missionaries adapted Evans ' system to other Canadian aboriginal languages.

Charles Dickens was a prominent English author of the 19th century.

Leo Tolstoy was a prominent Russian author of the 19th century.

The rise of cultural anthropology occurred within the context of the late 19th century, when questions regarding which cultures were " primitive " and which were " civilized " occupied the minds of not only Marx and Freud, but many others.

The term capitalism gradually spread throughout the Western world in the 19th and 20th centuries largely through the writings of Karl Marx.

Among the goals of ethnology have been the reconstruction of human history, and the formulation of cultural invariants, such as the incest taboo and culture change, and the formulation of generalizations about " human nature ", a concept which has been criticized since the 19th century by various philosophers ( Hegel, Marx, structuralism, etc .).

However, the claims of such cultural universalism have been criticized by various 19th and 20th century social thinkers, including Marx, Nietzsche, Foucault, Derrida, Althusser and Deleuze.

On one hand, Marx, in the 19th century's deepest critique of the dehumanising aspects of this system, noted that defining features of capitalism include alienation, exploitation, and recurring, cyclical depressions leading to mass unemployment ; on the other hand capitalism is also characterised by " revolutionizing, industrializing and universalizing qualities of development, growth and progressivity " ( by which Marx meant industrialisation, urbanisation, technological progress, increased productivity and growth, rationality and scientific revolution ), that are responsible for progress.

In the 19th century, The Communist Manifesto ( 1848 ), by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, called for the international political unification of the European working classes in order to achieve a Communist revolution ; and proposed that, because the socio-economic organization of communism was of a higher form than that of capitalism, a workers ’ revolution would first occur in the economically advanced, industrialized countries.

During the 19th century, Karl Marx extended the concept of materialism to elaborate a materialist conception of history centered on the roughly empirical world of human activity ( practice, including labor ) and the institutions created, reproduced, or destroyed by that activity ( see materialist conception of history ).

Classical, seminal sociological theorists of the late 19th and early 20th century such as Durkheim, Weber, and Marx were greatly interested in religion and its effects on society.

The other form of consummatory social capital, solidarity, dates back to the writings of Karl Marx, a German philosopher and sociologist from the 19th century.

In the 19th century, the German economist Karl Marx distinguished two types of bourgeois capitalist: ( i ) the functional capitalist, the business administrator of the means of production ; and ( ii ) the rentier capitalist whose livelihood derives either from the rent of property or from the interest-income produced by finance capital, or both.

The term, coined by Joseph Weydemeyer, was adopted by the founders of Marxism, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, in the 19th century.

Childe was a believer in the socio-economic theory of Marxism, which had originally been formulated by the 19th century German philosophers and sociologists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Twitchell, in his book Living It Up, sarcastically remarked that the logical outcome of the anti-consumerism movement would be a return to the sumptuary laws that existed in ancient Rome and during the Middle Ages, historical periods prior to the era of Karl Marx in the 19th century.

Various 19th century intellectuals, from Auguste Comte to Karl Marx to Sigmund Freud, attempted to offer scientific and / or political ideologies in the wake of secularisation.

Tourist sights include the Kassberg neighbourhood with 18th and 19th century buildings and the Karl Marx Monument by Lev Kerbel, nicknamed " Nischel " ( a Saxon dialect word for head ) by the locals.

Marx was influential in formalising concepts about composition and music understanding towards the second half of the 19th century.

For Marx, the gigantic increase in wealth and population from the 19th century onwards was mainly due to the competitive striving to obtain maximum surplus-value from the employment of labor, resulting in an equally gigantic increase of productivity and capital resources.

Some classical ideas are represented in various schools of heterodox economics, notably Marxian economics – Marx being a contemporary of the classical economists and their immediate successors – and Austrian economics, which split from neoclassical economics in the late 19th century.

It will be noted that at no stage does Marx make the central claim with which Trotsky's conception ( see below ) of ' permanent revolution ' is concerned-i. e., that it is possible for a country to pass directly from the dominance of the semi-feudal aristocrats, who held political power in Russia in the early part of the 19th century, to the dominance of the working class, without an interceding period of dominance by the bourgeois.

During the 19th century, a distant Prussian descendent of the family, Jenny von Westphalen, became the wife of the philosopher Karl Marx.

Mikhail Bakunin had made this point in his International Workingmen's Association debates with Marx in the mid-to-late 19th century.

In the 19th century, Karl Marx contradicted the artifice of Adam Smith's " naturalisation of the market's behaviour " as a politico-ideologic apology — by and for the capitalists — which allowed human economic choices and decisions to be misrepresented as fixed " facts of life ", rather than as the human actions that resulted from the will of the producers, the buyers, and the sellers of the commodities traded at market.

Since the 19th century, when Karl Marx presented the theory of commodity fetishism, in Section 4, " The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret thereof ", of the first chapter of Capital: Critique of Political Economy ( 1867 ), the constituent concepts of the theory, and their sociologic and economic explanations, have proved intellectually fertile propositions that permit the application of the theory ( interpretation, development, adaptation ) to the study, examination, and analysis of other cultural aspects of the political economy of capitalism, such as: