Now, although the roots of the mystery story in serious literature go back as far as Balzac, Dickens, and Poe, it was not until the closing decades of the 19th century that the private detective became an established figure in popular fiction.

This Europeanization of the law was made explicit by a number of 19th century scholars.

The Civil War was a significant force in the eventual dominance of the singular usage by the end of the 19th century.

In the zoological sciences, some of his observations were confirmed to be accurate only in the 19th century.

His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, which was incorporated in the late 19th century into modern formal logic.

With the Prior Analytics, Aristotle is credited with the earliest study of formal logic, and his conception of it was the dominant form of Western logic until 19th century advances in mathematical logic.

The term was originally coined in the 19th century by the founding sociologist and philosopher of science, Auguste Comte, and has become a major topic for psychologists ( especially evolutionary psychology researchers ), evolutionary biologists, and ethologists.

From its beginnings in the early 19th century through the early 20th century, anthropology in the United States was influenced by the presence of Native American societies.

In Greece, there was since the 19th century a science of the folklore called laographia ( laography ), in the form of " a science of the interior ", although theoretically weak ; but the connotation of the field deeply changed after World War II, when a wave of Anglo-American anthropologists introduced a science " of the outside ".

The Apollo Belvedere is a marble sculpture that was rediscovered in the late 15th century ; for centuries it epitomized the ideals of Classical Antiquity for Europeans, from the Renaissance through the 19th century.

Early 19th century.

In the Middle Bronze Age an apparently " alphabetic " system known as the Proto-Sinaitic script is thought by some to have been developed in the Sinai peninsula during the 19th century BC, by Canaanite workers in the Egyptian turquoise mines.

From the 19th century it once again became more and more popular.

Yombe people | Yombe-sculpture, 19th century

Portugal has been present in Angola for 400 years, occupied the territory in the 19th and early 20th century, and ruled over it for about 50 years.

Distinctions in vocabulary persist, for example, in culinary terms, where communication with Germans is frequently difficult, and administrative and legal language, which is due to Austria's exclusion from the development of a German nation-state in the late 19th century and its manifold particular traditions.

Until the late 19th century, the axiom of choice was often used implicitly, although it had not yet been formally stated.

The Iron is a famous 19th century landmark in central Norrköping

The museum can be found in the 19th century building The Iron in the Motala ström river in central Norrköping.

With the beginning of the slow decline of the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century, and as a result of the expansionist policies of Czarist Russia in the Caucasus, many Muslim nations and groups in that region, mainly Circassians, Tatars, Azeris, Lezgis, Chechens, and several Turkic groups left their ancestral homelands and settled in Anatolia.

Later in the 19th century, other missionaries adapted Evans ' system to other Canadian aboriginal languages.

Charles Dickens was a prominent English author of the 19th century.

Leo Tolstoy was a prominent Russian author of the 19th century.

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, physicists discovered subatomic components and structure inside the atom, thereby demonstrating that the ' atom ' was divisible.

Émile Zola was a prominent French author of the 19th century.

Mark Twain was a prominent American author of the 19th century.

The idea that alternative mathematical systems might exist was very troubling to mathematicians of the 19th century and the developers of systems such as Boolean algebra made elaborate efforts to derive them from traditional arithmetic.

The system was first discovered at the end of the 19th century, and first excavated and studied in the 1970s.

While the term's etymology might suggest that antisemitism is directed against all Semitic peoples, the term was coined in the late 19th century in Germany as a more scientific-sounding term for Judenhass (" Jew-hatred "),

Doubleday's purported invention of baseball was such a widely accepted belief in the late 19th century, that the legend was recorded on a Civil War monument in Maryland in 1897.

Another amino acid that was discovered in the early 19th century was cystine, in 1810, although its monomer, cysteine, was discovered much later, in 1884.

Benzene, C < sub > 6 </ sub > H < sub > 6 </ sub >, is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and was recognized as the first aromatic hydrocarbon, with the nature of its bonding first being recognized by Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz in the 19th century.

In the 19th century, the color of amethyst was attributed to the presence of manganese.

Andrew Carnegie (, but commonly or ; November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919 ) was a Scottish-American industrialist who led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century.

Now the most commonly understood meaning of the term ballad, sentimental ballads, sometimes called " tear-jerkers " or " drawing-room ballads " owing to their popularity with the middle classes, had their origins in the early ‘ Tin Pan Alley ’ music industry of the later 19th century.

This is because each congregation ( commonly styled ' ecclesias ') is organised autonomously, typically following common practices which have altered little since the 19th century.

Ivory Dominoes were routinely used in 19th century rural England in the settling of disputes over traditional grazing boundaries, and were commonly referred to as " bonesticks " ( see Hartley, Land Law in West Lancashire in the mid-19th Century, Farm Gazette, March 1984 ).

Since the 19th century, it has been the most commonly used script for Sanskrit.

The use of emoticons can be traced back to the 19th century, and they were commonly used in casual and humorous writing. They are used mainly in text messages and emails.

The Goths ' relationship with Sweden became an important part of Swedish nationalism, and until the 19th century the Swedes were commonly considered to be the direct descendants of the Goths.

By the late 19th century manufacturing focused on standard grades of black powder from Fg used in large bore rifles and shotguns, through FFg ( medium and smallbore arms such as muskets and fusils ), FFFg ( smallbore rifles and pistols ), and FFFFg ( extreme small bore, short pistols and most commonly for priming flintlocks ).

The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn ( or, more commonly, the Golden Dawn ) was a magical order active in Great Britain during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which practiced theurgy and spiritual development.

The color was called regimental because in the 19th century it was commonly used by many nations for navy uniforms.

CMF units were sometimes scorned by AIF soldiers as " chocolate soldiers " or " chockos ", because " they would melt under the pressure " of military operations ; or in an alternative version of the story of the origin of this term, as a result of the 1930s ' uniforms of Militia soldiers, these soldiers were considered by AIF volunteers and some civilians as soldiers only for show like the soldiers in garish 19th century dress uniforms shown on tins of chocolates that were commonly sold in Australia in the 1930s, hence the name " chocolate-tin soldiers " for Militia members.

The pharmaceutical industry began in the last decade of the 19th century when the manufacturing of acetylsalicylic acid ( more commonly referred to as aspirin ) in Germany was started by Bayer.

It uses a partially malted barley, giving it a lighter flavour, with none of the roasted or smoked flavour that was commonly found in German beers until the 19th century.

While they are commonly used for small parcels and documents – now most often used as cash carriers at banks or supermarkets – they were originally proposed in the early 19th century for transport of heavy freight.

Artists of the 18th and 19th centuries striving to evoke republican ideals commonly used representations of Liberty.

In the United States around the end of the 19th century, spaghetti was offered in restaurants as Spaghetti Italienne ( which likely consisted of noodles cooked past al dente, and a mild tomato sauce flavored with easily found spices and vegetables such as cloves, bay leaves, and garlic ) and it wasn't until decades later that it came to be commonly prepared with oregano or basil.

This term was introduced by the Neogrammarian school in the 19th century and is commonly applied to some historically important sound changes, such as Grimm's law.

Watermarks were nearly universal on stamps in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but generally fell out of use and are not commonly used on modern U. S. issues, but some countries continue to use them.

In French ( and France ( Wand )), it is le Pays wallon: The Walloon country included the greatest part of to-day's Belgium, the Province of Flandre orientale, the Province of Flandre occidentale both named Flandre wallonne, the Province of Namur, the Hainaut, the Limbourg, the pays de Liège and even the Luxembourg For Félix Rousseau, Walloon country is, after le Roman pays the old name of the country of the Walloons and the nickname Romande was commonly used to describe Walloons until the late 19th century.

In early 19th century Britain, the phrase " civil rights " most commonly referred to the problem of legal discrimination against Catholics.

A similar situation occurred in France, with the two vines being commonly confused until the mid 19th century, when ampelographers began combing through the vineyards of Chablis and Burgundy, identifying the true Chardonnay and weeding out the Pinot Blanc.

However, in the 19th and early 20th centuries, financial crises were traditionally referred to as " panics ", e. g., the ' major ' Panic of 1907, and the ' minor ' Panic of 1910 – 1911, though the 1929 crisis was more commonly called " The Crash ", and the term " panic " has since fallen out of use.

Although Stark was at the Battle of Bennington and likely flew this flag, the battle has become more commonly associated with the Bennington flag, which is believed to be a 19th century banner.

The 19th Century community of Anglo-Métis, more commonly known as Countryborn, were children of Rupert's Land fur trade ; typically of Orcadian, Scottish, or English paternal descent and Aboriginal maternal descent.

The American bison ( Bison bison ), also commonly known as the American buffalo, is a North American species of bison that once roamed the grasslands of North America in massive herds, became nearly extinct by a combination of commercial hunting and slaughter in the 19th century and introduction of bovine diseases from domestic cattle, and has made a recent resurgence largely restricted to a few national parks and reserves.