I beg you my brothers let us avoid another Galileo affair.

The Galileo affair and the conflict over evolution are prime examples.

In a Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina, Galileo defended heliocentrism, and claimed it was not contrary to Scriptures ( see Galileo affair ).

But ultimately the Galileo affair did little to slow the spread of heliocentrism across Europe, as Kepler's Epitome of Copernican Astronomy became increasingly influential in the coming decades.

After the Galileo affair, which transpired early in the 17th century, Copernicanism was never officially forbidden to astronomers in the Roman Catholic Church but the Tychonic system was an acceptable alternative that matched available observations, the Copernican system having more epicycles even than the Ptolemaic.

The plot of the play concerns the latter period of the life of Galileo Galilei, the great Italian Baroque natural philosopher, who was persecuted by the Roman Catholic Church for the promulgation of his scientific discoveries ; for details, see Galileo affair.

* Galileo affair

" He also warned of the permanent lesson we have learned from the Galileo affair, and that " we also know the dangers of a religion that severs its links with reason and becomes prey to fundamentalism.

17th-century successors Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton developed an understanding of physics which led to the gradual acceptance of the idea that the Earth moves round the Sun and that the planets are governed by the same physical laws that governed the Earth.

While the impacts took place on the side of Jupiter hidden from Earth, Galileo, then at a distance of 1. 6 AU from the planet, was able to see the impacts as they occurred.

Instruments on Galileo detected a fireball which reached a peak temperature of about 24, 000 K, compared to the typical Jovian cloudtop temperature of about 130 K, before expanding and cooling rapidly to about 1500 K after 40 s. The plume from the fireball quickly reached a height of over 3, 000 km.

Through such people as Nikola Tesla, Galileo Ferraris, Oliver Heaviside, Thomas Edison, Ottó Bláthy, Ányos Jedlik, Sir Charles Parsons, Joseph Swan, George Westinghouse, Ernst Werner von Siemens, Alexander Graham Bell and Lord Kelvin, electricity was turned from a scientific curiosity into an essential tool for modern life, becoming a driving force for the Second Industrial Revolution.

Galileo, seeking patronage from his now-wealthy former student and his powerful family, used the discovery of Jupiter ’ s moons to gain it.

One of the aims of Galileo is to provide a high-precision positioning system upon which European nations can rely, independently from the Russian GLONASS, US GPS, and Chinese Compass systems, which can be disabled in times of war or conflict.

The first satellites bear the names of eleven-year-old Thijs from Belgium and nine-year-old Natalia from Bulgaria who are the first winners of the European Commission's Galileo children's drawing competition.

In 1999, the different concepts ( from Germany, France, Italy and the United Kingdom ) for Galileo were compared and reduced to one by a joint team of engineers from all four countries.

Although a decision was yet to be reached, on 13 July 2007 EU countries discussed cutting € 548m ($ 755m, £ 370m ) from the union's competitiveness budget for the following year and shifting some of that cash to other parts of the financing pot, a move that could meet part of the cost of the union's Galileo satellite navigation system.

The think tank Open Europe has estimated the total cost of Galileo from start to completion, and then running it over a 20 year period, at a € 22. 2 billion, which will be borne entirely by taxpayers.

The first two Galileo In-Orbit Validation satellites were launched by Soyuz ST-B flown from Guiana Space Centre on October 21, 2011.

However, due to security and technology-independence policy from European Commission, China was, in effect, dis-invited from Galileo and without a return of its monetary investment, a decision that was reinforced by China ’ s move to build its own global system, called Beidou / Compass.

Letter from Paul Wolfowitz to the Minister ( government ) | Ministers of the Member State of the European Union | EU states from December 2001 as part of the US-lobbying campaign against Galileo

One of the reasons given for developing Galileo as an independent system was that position information from GPS can be made significantly inaccurate by the deliberate application of universal Selective Availability ( SA ) by the US military ; this was enabled until 2000, and can be re-enabled at any time.

Despite suffering from antenna problems, Galileo conducted the first asteroid flyby near 951 Gaspra and discovered the first asteroid moon, Dactyl, around the asteroid 243 Ida.

Galileo furthermore discovered that Jupiter's faint ring system consists of dust from impacts on the four small inner moons.

The differing distances from Jupiter afforded by these orbits allowed Galileo to sample different parts of the planet's extensive magnetosphere.

One section of the spacecraft rotated at 3 rpm, keeping Galileo stable and holding six instruments that gathered data from many different directions, including the fields and particles instruments.

As the launch of Galileo neared, anti-nuclear groups, concerned over what they perceived as an unacceptable risk to the public's safety from Galileo's RTGs, sought a court injunction prohibiting Galileo's launch.

The camera system was designed to obtain images of Jupiter's satellites at resolutions from 20 to 1, 000 times better than Voyager's best, because Galileo flew closer to the planet and its inner moons, and because the more modern CCD sensor in Galileos camera was more sensitive and had a broader color detection band than the vidicons of Voyager.

The following information was taken directly from NASA's Galileo legacy site.

In 1616, on the orders of Paul V, Bellarmine summoned Galileo, notified him of a forthcoming decree of the Congregation of the Index condemning the Copernican doctrine of the mobility of the Earth and the immobility of the Sun, and ordered him to abandon it .< ref > Blackwell ( 1991, p. 126 ).

Galileo proposed this method to the Spanish crown ( 1616 – 1617 ) but it proved to be impractical, because of the inaccuracies of Galileo's timetables and the difficulty of observing the eclipses on a ship.

A life-long enemy of Galileo, Scheiner is credited with reopening the 1616 accusations against Galileo in 1633.

Paul met with Galileo Galilei in 1616 after Cardinal Bellarmine had, on his orders, warned Galileo not to hold or defend the heliocentric ideas of Copernicus.

Galileo | Galileo's 1616 drawings of the Moon and its phases.

He even intervened in the first trial against Galileo Galilei with his courageous The Defense of Galileo ( written in 1616, published in 1622 ).

In 1616 he delivered to Galileo the papal command not to " hold or defend " the heliocentric idea.

Galileo Galilei and Giovanni Francesco Sagredo had discussed using a mirror as the image forming objective soon after the invention of the refracting telescope, and others, such as Niccolò Zucchi, claimed to have experimented with the idea as far back as 1616.

Johann ( es ) Fabricius ( 8 January 1587 – 19 March 1616 ), eldest son of David Fabricius ( 1564 – 1617 ), was a Frisian / German astronomer and a discoverer of sunspots ( in 1610 ), independently of Galileo Galilei.

If Niccolò Zucchi's claim of exploring the idea of a reflecting telescope in 1616 was true, then it would be the earliest known description of the idea of using a curved mirror as an image forming objective, predating Galileo Galilei and Giovanni Francesco Sagredo's discussions of the same idea in the 1620s.

The names that eventually prevailed were chosen by Simon Marius, who discovered the moons independently at the same time as Galileo: he named them at the suggestion of Johannes Kepler after lovers of the god Zeus ( the Greek equivalent of Jupiter ): Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto, in his Mundus Jovialis, published in 1614.

The name was invented by the Greek poet / theologian Giovanni Demisiani at a banquet held on April 14, 1611 by Prince Federico Cesi to make Galileo Galilei a member of the Accademia dei Lincei.

Together with the university's museums, they include original manuscripts and prints by Galileo, Ignatius of Loyola, and Francis Xavier as well as world renowned collections in Jesuitana, Irish literature, sixteenth century Flemish tapestries, ancient Greek pottery, Caribbean folk art and literature, Japanese prints, U. S. government documents, Congressional Archives, and paintings that span the history of art from Europe, Asia, and the Americas.

The group included Vincenzo Galilei ( father of the astronomer Galileo ), Giulio Caccini, and Pietro Strozzi, and derived its inspiration from a correspondence with Girolamo Mei, the foremost scholar of ancient Greek drama and music at the time.

Celebrities who were far more famous after their deaths than during their lifetime ( and often were completely or relatively unknown ) include Greek philosopher Socrates ; scientist Galileo Galilei ; 1800s-era poet John Keats ; painter Vincent van Gogh ; poet and novelist Edgar Allan Poe ; singer Eva Cassidy ; writer Emily Dickinson ; artist Edith Holden, whose 1906 diary was a best-seller when published posthumously in 1977 ); writer Franz Kafka ; diarist Anne Frank ; philosopher Soren Kierkegaard ; writer John Kennedy Toole ( who posthumously won a Pulitzer Prize for Fiction 12 years after his death ); author Stieg Larsson ( who died with his Millennium novels unpublished ) and William Webb Ellis, the alleged inventor of Rugby football.

The word crater adopted by Galileo from the Greek word for vessel-( Κρατήρ a Greek vessel used to mix wine and water ).