He also appeared independently in the legends of the Britons, beginning with the 9th-century Historia Brittonum.

The Historia Brittonum preserves several snippets of lore about Ambrosius.

But there are smaller snippets of tradition preserved in the Historia Brittonum: in Chapter 31, we are told that Vortigern ruled in fear of Ambrosius ; later, in Chapter 66, various events are dated from a Battle of Guoloph ( often identified with Wallop, ESE of Amesbury near Salisbury ), which is said to have been between Ambrosius and Vitolinus ; lastly, in Chapter 48, it is said that Pascent, the son of Vortigern, was granted rule over the regions of Buellt and Gwrtheyrnion by Ambrosius.

The Historia Brittonum dates the battle of Guoloph to " the twelfth year of Vortigern ", by which 437 seems to be meant.

Because Ambrosius and Vortigern are shown in the Historia Brittonum as being in conflict, some historians have suspected that this preserves a historical core of the existence of two parties in opposition to one another, one headed by Ambrosius and the other by Vortigern.

Yet a simpler alternative interpretation of the conflict between these two figures is that the Historia Brittonum is preserving traditions hostile to the purported descendants of Vortigern, who at this time were a ruling house in Powys.

This interpretation is supported by the negative character of all of the stories retold about Vortigern in the Historia Brittonum, which include his alleged practice of incest.

Similar evidence is given by the Historia Brittonum.

She makes no appearance in Bede's work, the Historia Brittonum, the Mabinogion or Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain.

The main sources available for discussion of this period include Gildas's De Excidio Britanniae and Nennius's Historia Brittonum, the Annales Cambriae, Anglo Saxon Chronicle, William of Malmesbury's Gesta Regum Anglorum and De Antiquitate Glastoniensis Ecclesiae, along with texts from the Black Book of Carmarthen and the Red Book of Hergest, and Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum as well as " The Descent of the Men of the North " ( Bonedd Gwŷr y Gogledd, in Peniarth MS 45 and elsewhere ) and the Book of Baglan.

According to British legend ( see: Historia Brittonum ) the territory known later as Essex was ceded by the Britons to the Saxons following the infamous Brad y Cyllyll Hirion event which occurred ca.

" An alternative form of this genealogy, found in the Historia Brittonum among other places, reverses the position of Octa and Oisc in the lineage.

Hengist and Horsa are attested in Bede's 8th-century Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum ; in the 9th-century Historia Brittonum, attributed to Nennius ; and in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a collection of annals compiled from the end of the 9th century.

While the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle refer to the brother as Horsa, in the Historia Brittonum his name is simply Hors.

The Historia Brittonum records that, during the reign of Vortigern in Britain, three vessels that had been exiled from Germania arrived in Britain, commanded by Hengist and Horsa.

The Historia Brittonum details that Geta was said to be the son of a god, yet " not of the omnipotent God and our Lord Jesus Christ ," but rather " the offspring of one of their idols, and whom, blinded by some demon, they worshipped according to the custom of the heathen.

Geoffrey of Monmouth adapted and greatly expanded the Historia Brittonum account in his work Historia Regum Britanniae.

The sparse historical background of Arthur is gleaned from various sources, including the Annales Cambriae, the Historia Brittonum, and the writings of Gildas.

The Historia Brittonum, a 9th-century Latin historical compilation attributed in some late manuscripts to a Welsh cleric called Nennius, lists twelve battles that Arthur fought.

While the early sources indicate that Horsa died fighting the Britons, no details are provided about Hengist's death until Geoffrey's Historia, which states that Hengist was beheaded by Eldol, the British duke of Gloucester, and buried in an unlocated mound.

In his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, Bede records that the first chieftains among the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes in England were said to be Hengist and Horsa.

In chapter 10 of book 6 of Historia Regum Britanniae, Geoffrey records that three brigandines ( or long galleys ) full of armed men commanded by two brothers, Hengist and Horsa, arrived in Britain.

In chapter 1 of book 8 of Historia Regum Britanniae, Merlin prophecies to Vortigern ( who fled to Cambria during the Saxon onslaught ) that Hengist will be killed and that Uther Pendragon will be crowned.

Patrick Sims-Williams is more skeptical of the account, suggesting that Bede's Canterbury source, for which he relied on for his account of Hengist and Horsa in his work Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, had confused two separate traditions.

The story as reported in such sources as the Historia Brittonum and Gildas indicates that the British king Vortigern allowed the Germanic warlords, later named as Hengist and Horsa by Bede, to settle their people on the Isle of Thanet in exchange for their service as mercenaries.

Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote about the town, claiming that it had been fortified by Ambrosius Aurelianus, king of the Britons after his victory over the Saxon forces of Hengist ( Historia Regum Britanniae viii, 7 ), that the captive Saxon leader Hengist was hacked to pieces by Eldol outside the town walls, and was buried at " Hengist's Mound " in the town.

According to Geoffrey of Monmouth's fanciful Historia Regum Britanniae, the British king Vortigern married Rowena, the daughter of Hengist, with the civitas of the Cantiaci ( Kent ) as the bride-gift.

The list is inserted between the death of Hengist and the reign of Ida in Bernicia, which suggests that the Historia Brittonum's compiler believed Arthur's floruit to have been in the early-mid 6th century.

Some manuscripts of the Historia include genealogies of the Saxon kingdoms ; the genealogy of the kings of Kent names Octa as the son and successor to Hengist and the father to the subsequent king Ossa.

The Historia Augusta, Life of Antoninus Caracalla, relates ( 10. 5 ) that Caracalla then assumed the name Alemannicus, at which Helvius Pertinax jested that he should really be called Geticus Maximus, because in the year before he had murdered his brother, Geta.

He had access to two works of Eusebius: the Historia Ecclesiastica, and also the Chronicon, though he had neither in the original Greek ; instead he had a Latin translation of the Historia, by Rufinus, and Saint Jerome's translation of the Chronicon.

Some of Bede's material came from oral traditions, including a description of the physical appearance of Paulinus of York, who had died nearly 90 years before Bede's Historia Ecclesiastica was written.

However, Bede, like Gregory the Great whom Bede quotes on the subject in the Historia, felt that faith brought about by miracles was a stepping stone to a higher, truer faith, and that as a result miracles had their place in a work designed to instruct.

In his work Historia Langobardorum, Paul relates how Odin's wife Frea ( Frigg / Freyja ) had given victory to the Langobards in a war against the Vandals.

Gallienus returned in 263 or 265 and, as even Historia Augusta admits, was entirely successful, finally besieging Postumus in an unnamed Gallic city ; however, during the siege, he was severely wounded by an arrow and had to leave the field.

Svend Aagesen's history of Denmark, Brevis Historia Regum Dacie ( circa 1186 ), states that Saxo had decided to write about " The king-father and his sons ," which would be King Sweyn Estridson, in Books 11, 12, and 13.

The Historia Augusta suggests three alternative explanations: that the first Caesar had a thick head of hair ( Latin caesaries ); that he had bright grey eyes ( Latin oculis caesiis ); or that he killed an elephant ( caesai in Moorish ) in battle.

While it is not clear from the Historia Brittonum and the Annales Cambriae that Arthur was even considered a king, by the time Culhwch and Olwen and the Triads were written he had become Penteyrnedd yr Ynys hon, " Chief of the Lords of this Island ", the overlord of Wales, Cornwall and the North.

When humanist scholar George Buchanan wrote his history Rerum Scoticarum Historia in the 1570s, a great deal of lurid detail had been added to the story.

The Lombard historian Paul the Deacon wrote in the Historia Langobardorum that the Lombards descended from a small tribe called the Winnili, dwelling in southern Scandinavia ( Scadanan ), who had migrated southward to seek new lands.

The Historia Augusta claims that Marciana and Severus had two daughters but their existence is nowhere else attested.

The Historia Augusta relates that he heard of a woman in Syria who had been foretold that she would marry a king, and therefore Severus sought her as his wife.

Oswald may have had an ally in Penda's brother Eowa, who was also killed in the battle, according to the Historia Britonnum and Annales Cambriae ; while the source only mentions that Eowa was killed, not the side on which he fought, it has been speculated that Eowa was subject to Oswald and fighting alongside him in the battle, in opposition to Penda.

In the year AD 77, Pliny the Elder wrote in his Naturalis Historia about the wines of Vienne ( which today would be called Côte-Rôtie ), where the Allobroges made famous and prized wine from a dark-skinned grape variety that had not existed some 50 years earlier, in Virgil's age.