The disputed books, included in one canon but not in others, are often called the Biblical apocrypha, a term that is sometimes used specifically ( and possibly pejoratively in English ) to describe the books in the Catholic and Orthodox canons that are absent from the Jewish Masoretic Text ( also called the Tanakh or Miqra ) and most modern Protestant Bibles.

The Jewish ordering of the canon suggests that Chronicles is a summary of the entire span of history to the time it was written.

The book of Esther falls under the category of Writings, one of three parts of the Jewish canon.

Some Christian denominations ( such as Anglican, Roman Catholic, and Eastern Orthodox ), include a number of books that are not in the Hebrew Bible ( the biblical apocrypha or deuterocanonical books or Anagignoskomena, see Development of the Old Testament canon ) in their biblical canon that are not in today's Jewish canon, although they were included in the Septuagint.

The Jewish historian Josephus speaks of there being 22 books in the canon of the Hebrew Bible, a Jewish tradition reported also by the Christian bishop Athanasius.

The Persian era, and especially the period 538 – 400, laid the foundations of later Jewish and Christian religion and the beginnings of a scriptural canon.

Some scholars argue that a " Jewish biblical canon " was fixed by the Hasmonean dynasty.

For example, the Council of Laodicea ( canon 29 ) required Christians to separate from Jewish laws and traditions, stating that Christians must not Judaize by resting on Sabbath, but must work that day and then, if possible, rest on the Lord's Day, and that any found to be Judaizers were declared anathema from Christ.

The Torah ( Pentateuch in Greek ) always maintained its pre-eminence as the basis of the canon ; but the collection of prophetic writings, based on the Jewish Nevi ' im, had various hagiographical works incorporated into it.

In addition some newer books were included in the Septuagint: those called anagignoskomena in Greek, because they are not included in the Jewish canon.

Also, the Septuagint version of some Biblical books, like Daniel and Esther, are longer than those in the Jewish canon.

The canonicity of the larger group of " writings " ( the Jewish ketuvim ) had not yet been established, although some sort of selective process must have been employed because the Septuagint did not include other well-known Jewish documents such as Enoch or Jubilees or other writings that are not part of the Jewish canon.

After the Protestant Reformation, many Protestant Bibles began to follow the Jewish canon and exclude the additional texts, which came to be called " Apocrypha " ( i. e. of questionable authenticity ).

Some scholars argue that the Jewish canon was fixed by the Hasmonean dynasty ( 140-37 BCE ).

Today, there is no scholarly consensus as to when the Jewish canon was set.

In Judaism the term " People of the Book " ( Hebrew: עם הספר, Am HaSefer ) was used to refer specifically to the Jewish people and the Torah, and to the Jewish people and the wider canon of written Jewish law ( including the Mishnah and the Talmud ).

The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh is the Jewish scriptural canon and central source of Jewish law.

Traditional Jewish exegesis such as Midrash ( Genesis Rabbah 38 ) says that Adam spoke Hebrew because the names he gives Eve-" Isha " ( Book of Genesis 2: 23 ) and " Chava " ( Genesis 3: 20 )-only make sense in Hebrew.

Porteous and Roche agree that the Book of Daniel is composed of folktales that were used to fortify the Jewish faith during a time of great persecution and oppression by the Hellenized Seleucids some four centuries after Babylonian captivity.

According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, " a comparison of the Masoretic text with the Septuagint throws some light on the last phase in the history of the origin of the Book of Jeremiah, inasmuch as the translation into Greek was already under way before the work on the Hebrew book had come to an end ...

* ( Jewish Encyclopedia ) Book of Jeremiah article

The Book of Numbers ( from Greek Ἀριθμοί, Arithmoi ;, Bəmidbar, " In the desert ") is the fourth book of the Hebrew Bible, and the fourth of five books of the Jewish Torah.

* Book of Judges article ( Jewish Encyclopedia )

The Book of Judith is not a part of the Jewish or most Protestant Bibles, who exclude the Book of Judith as apocryphal ), though it is a part of the Catholic Bible.

As well, the " Book of Ruth " functions liturgically, as it is read during the Jewish holiday of Shavuot (" Weeks "), or Pentecost.

The Book of Esther is a book in the Ketuvim (" writings "), the third section of the Jewish Tanakh ( the Hebrew Bible ) and is part of the Christian Old Testament.

In most traditions of Jewish liturgy, the Book of Job is not read publicly in the manner of the Pentateuch, Prophets, or megillot.

Many quotes from the Book of Job are used throughout Jewish liturgy, especially at funerals and times of mourning.

* Jewish Encyclopedia: Job ; Book of Job

The Book of Lamentations (, Eikhah, ʾēkhā ( h )) is a poetic book of the Hebrew Bible composed by the Jewish prophet Jeremiah.

The Book of Lamentations is recited annually on the Tisha b ' Av, the anniversary of the destruction of both of the Jewish Temples as well as numerous other unfavorable days in Jewish history.

* Jewish Encyclopedia: Book of Hosea

The Prophecy of Seventy Septets ( or literally ' seventy times seven ') appears in the angel Gabriel's reply to Daniel, beginning with verse 22 and ending with verse 27 in the ninth chapter of the Book of Daniel, a work included in both the Jewish Tanakh and the Christian Bible ; as well as the Septuagint.

Rabbi Simcha Weinstein's book Up, Up and Oy Vey: How Jewish History, Culture and Values Shaped the Comic Book Superhero says that Superman is both a pillar of society and one whose cape conceals a " nebbish ," saying, " He's a bumbling, nebbish Jewish stereotype.

Christians explain that such selectivity is based on rulings made by early Jewish Christians in the Book of Acts, at the Council of Jerusalem, that, while believing gentiles did not need to fully convert to Judaism, they should follow some aspects of Torah like avoiding idolatry and fornication and blood, including, according to some interpretations, homosexuality.

The Book of Deuteronomy ( from Greek Δευτερονόμιον, Deuteronomion, " second law ";, Devarim, " words ") is the fifth book of the Hebrew Bible, and of the Jewish Torah / Pentateuch.

These influences serve to reinforce the conclusion that the Book of Exodus originated in the exiled Jewish community of 6th-century Babylon, but not all the sources are Mesopotamian: the story of Moses's flight to Midian following the murder of the Egyptian overseer may draw on the Egyptian Tale of Sinuhe.

According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, the large number of people claimed to have been killed by the Jews is an improbability ; " Perhaps the most striking point against the historical value of the Book of Esther is the remarkable decree permitting the Jews to massacre their enemies and fellow subjects during a period of two days.

The figure of Ruth is celebrated as a convert to Judaism who understood Jewish principles and took them to heart.

* Ruth at Mechon Momre – ( Jewish Publication Society of America Version )

After a substantial gift from Los Angeles philanthropist Ruth Ziegler, a new rabbinical school was formed at the American Jewish University ( then University of Judaism ) in Bel Air, California.

Alexander was born Jay Scott Greenspan in Newark, New Jersey, the son of Jewish parents Ruth Minnie ( née Simon ), a nurse and health care administrator, and Alexander B. Greenspan, an accounting manager.

At age thirteen, Ruth acted as the " camp rabbi " at a Jewish summer program at Camp Che-Na-Wah in Minerva, New York .< ref >

* 1993: First Councillor of Jewish origin, Ruth Dreifuss ( SP ).

Winger was born as Mary Debra Winger in Cleveland Heights, Ohio, into an Orthodox Jewish family, to Robert Winger, a meat packer, and Ruth ( née Felder ), an office manager.

* Encyclopedia of Jewish Women: Ruth Barcan Marcus

Her mother, mathematician Ruth Aaronson Bari, was of Jewish descent ; and her father, Arthur Bari, a diamond setter, is of Italian heritage.

She was born Ruth Prawer in Cologne, Germany to Jewish parents Marcus and Eleanora Prawer.

Ruth Prawer Jhabwala in India: The Jewish Connection.

* Ruth Bienstock Anolik ( 2001 ) " Appropriating the Golem, Possessing the Dybbuk: Female Retellings of Jewish Tales ", IN Mica Howe & Sarah Appleton Aguiar ( editors ), He Said, She Says: An RSVP to the Male Text.

* Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Supreme Court Justice, attended East Midwood Jewish Center and James Madison High School

At a ceremony in its Northern California synagogue, ten adults and four minors joined the Jewish people by taking the same oath that Ruth took.

In 1949 he married Ruth First, another prominent Jewish anti-apartheid activist and the daughter of SACP treasurer Julius First.

Sanford, Jacob, Ruth, and Robert were the children of Hermann Meisner, a furrier, and Bertha Knoepfler, both Jewish immigrants who came to the United States from Hungary.

The difference here is that Rosenstrasse is a “ maternal melodrama .” There are three overlapping familial connections involving “ mother-daughter relationships ” within the story: “ the bond between Hannah, a first-generation Jewish American, and her mother Ruth ”; “ the … mother-daughter bond between Ruth and her Jewish mother Miriam ”; “ and … the central relationship between surrogate mother Lena von Eschenbach / Fisher and Ruth .” In this, the definition of a mother is stretched from the “ biological ” standpoint to the “ symbolic .”

Ruth Klüger Aliav ( née Polishuk ) ( April 27, 1910 – February 16, 1980 was a Ukraine-born Romanian and Israeli Jewish Zionist activist, assisting in the Aliya Beth before and after World War II.