The Mughals established a strong government at Sirhind, which itself was a sarkar ( division ) of the Delhi subah ( province ) and attached Ludhiana as a mahal or parganah.

Through this treaty, the Marathas controlled virtually the whole of India from their capital at Pune and Mughal rule was restricted only to Delhi ( the Mughals remained the nominal heads of Delhi ).

Many powerful kingdoms have established their capitals inside the modern state of Afghanistan, including the Greco-Bactrians, Mauryas, Kushans, Kabul Shahi, Saffarids, Samanids, Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Timurids, Mughals, Hotakis, Durranis and others.

The Mughals, while often employing brutal tactics to subjugate their empire, had a policy of integration with Indian culture, which is what made them successful where the short-lived Sultanates of Delhi had failed.

The Marathas continued their military campaigns against Mughals, Nizam, Nawab of Bengal and Durrani Empire to further extend their boundaries.

The Mughals brought their own form of architecture that included pointed, onion-shaped domes, as seen in Delhi's Jama Masjid.

However, the firangi was widely used by the Mughals and those peoples who came under their rule, including Sikhs and Rajputs.

The period of the sultanates ended with the arrival of the Mughals, who progressively seized their territories.

The superior strength of the steel allowed Mughals the ability to use more gunpowder than their European counterparts.

Among the Rajputs, Sikhs and Mughals, princes and nobles were often portrayed wearing a katar at their side.

Nor was crushing the only method used by the Mughals ' execution elephants ; in the Mughal sultanate of Delhi, elephants were trained to slice prisoners to pieces " with pointed blades fitted to their tusks ".

The Portuguese colony of Goa at that time provided supplies to the Mughals, and allowed them to use the Portuguese ports in India, and pass through their territory.

The Mughals lost their eminent position on the Indian subcontinent forever and the subsequent Mughal emperors became titular rulers.

The Marathas had antagonised the Jats and Rajputs by taxing them heavily, punishing them after defeating the Mughals and interfering in their internal affairs.

It was he, who pleased with their intelligence, gave them the surname Pandit. The Mughals rule was followed by that of Afghans.

The term came into common use under the rule of the Mughals who referred to their dominion, centred on Delhi, as ' Hindustan '.

Later the dish was used in the army camps of the Mughals who had their base in and around Daulatabad and Aurangabad in the deccan.

It came under Portuguese sway for a brief time before being re-conquered by the Muslim allies of the Mughals, and was later conquered by the Marathas, who made it one of their strategic centers because it guarded the entrance to Mumbai and the western coast of India.

It is thus clear that Babur & other Mughals in their descriptions identify Khattaks & Shetaks together without any differentiation.

Unlike many other tribal groups of the Indian subcontinent, the Santals have preserved their native language despite waves of migrations and invasions such as Aryan, Hun, Mughals, Europeans, and others.

The victory of the Marathas at Salher is seen as a definitive turning point in their military prowess vis-a-vis the Mughals.

The Mughals were completely looted of their wealth, and rebellions became commonplace.

Thus the Daulatabad fort passed several hands, captured and re-captured, by the Mughals, the Marathas, the Peshwas, and finally placed under the control of the Nizams of Hyderabad in 1724 A. D. which was under their control till independence.

The Deccan sultanates owed their origin to the withdrawal of the sultanate of Delhi from southern India and they were finally eliminated by the Great Mughals who had wiped out the sultanate of Delhi some time earlier.

He was involved on the side of Mughals in their struggle against the Afghans and is mentioned by Muslim historians.

In addition to the Mughals and various Rajput kingdoms, several independent Hindu states, such as the Vijayanagara Empire, the Maratha Empire, Eastern Ganga Empire and the Ahom Kingdom, flourished contemporaneously in southern, western, eastern and northeastern India respectively.

While the Mughals had acquired firearms via the Ottoman Empire, Bahadur's Gujurat had acquired them through a series of contracts drawn up with the Portuguese, allowing the Portuguese to establish a strategic foothold in north western India.

For the next five centuries, Muslim monarchs ruled Kashmir, including the Mughals, who ruled from 1526 until 1751, then the Afghan Durrani Empire that ruled from 1747 until 1820.

In 1819, the Kashmir valley passed from the control of the Durrani Empire of Afghanistan, and four centuries of Muslim rule under the Mughals and the Afghans, to the conquering armies of the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh of Lahore.

It includes the Thyatian Empire, which could be compared to Byzantine Empire ; the Grand Duchy of Karameikos ( which includes the town of Threshold, the default setting of many classic D & D adventures ), comparable to medieval southeastern Europe ; the Principalities of Glantri, which is similar to medieval western Europe, ruled by wizard-princes ; the Ethengar Khanate, a Mongol-like society ; the merchant-run Republic of Darokin, which is based somewhat loosely on the mercantile states of Medieval Italy ; the Emirates of Ylaruam which have an Arabic flavor ; the Heldannic Territories, ruled by an order of religious Knights devoted to the Immortal Vanya, similar to the Teutonic Knights ; the Atruaghin Clans, which have an Amerindian feel ; the nation of Sind, based on India during the rule of the Mughals ; the Northern Reaches Kingdoms of Ostland, Vestland, the Soderfjord Jarldoms, based on Scandinavian kingdoms at various periods of history ; the Dwarven nation of Rockhome ; the elven Kingdom of Alfheim ; the Halfling lands of the Five Shires ; and the Alphatian Empire, ruled by wizards and other spellcasters.

The Pashtun area ( known today as the " Pashtunistan " region ) fell within the Ghaznavid Empire in the 10th century followed by the Ghurids, Timurids, Mughals, Hotakis, and finally by the Durranis.

" The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture ".

The Maratha Empire waged war for 27 years with the Mughals from 1681 to 1707, which became the longest war in the history of India.

By the early 19th century, the Kashmir valley had passed from the control of the Durrani Empire of Afghanistan, and four centuries of Muslim rule under the Mughals and the Afghans, to the conquering Sikh armies.

The Maratha Empire waged war for 27 years with the Mughals from 1681 to 1707, which became the longest war in the history of India.

Present-day West Bengal first came into prominence when Murshid Quli Jafar Khan became the first Nawab of Bengal under the Mughals in 1717, and moved the capital from Dhaka to the newly founded city of Murshidabad much further to the west and closer to Delhi, the seat of the Mughal Empire.

The Dal Khalsa fought against the Mughals and the Afghans, eventually resulting in the establishment of a number of small republics called misls ( autonomous confederacies ) and later in the formation of the Sikh Empire.

translation: The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture,, Ed.

When the Mughals were weakened then under the command of Nader Shah of Persia the regions of North India and Punjab were annexed into the Durrani Empire in 1747.

On February 13, 1739 the Persians under Nadir Shah defeated the Mughals in the Battle of Karnal, then occupied and looted Delhi, resulting in the fall of the Mughal Empire.

Thus Nadir Shah became furious with the Muhammad Shah ; he knew that the Mughals had become weak and decided to capture the rich treasures of the Mughal Empire in Delhi and Agra.

Following the rule of various Islamic empires, including the Ghaznavid Empire, the Ghorid kingdom, and the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals controlled the region from 1526 until 1739.

This was especially so in the north, where Mughals and Afghans were vying for power, whereas the south was controlled by the comparatively stable Hindu Vijayanagar Empire, ruled at that time by Krishnadevaraya.

After the decline of the Mughals, western, central and parts of south and north India were integrated and administered by the Maratha Empire.