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Nabonidus and Chronicle
* Nabonidus Chronicle — Mesopotamia
It appears in Assyrian texts ( namely, the Nabonidus Chronicle ) as Iatribu.
The Nabonidus Chronicle records that, prior to the battle ( s ), Nabonidus had ordered cult statues from outlying Babylonian cities to be brought into the capital, suggesting that the conflict over Susa had begun possibly in the winter of 540 BCE.
According to the Nabonidus Chronicle, Nabonidus was back from Temâ by his seventeenth year and celebrated the New Year's Festival ( Akk.
More helpful is the Nabonidus Chronicle.
In the reference in the Nabonidus Chronicle to a campaign by Cyrus in ( possibly ) 547 BCE, during which a country was taken and its king killed, the text showing the name country is damaged although it may be Urartu.
* Nabonidus Chronicle
* Chronicle of Nabonidus and other documents in the British Museum.
This is similar to another Babylonian history, Chronicle of Nabonidus, and differs from the rationalistic accounts of other Greek historians like Thucydides.
According to the Greek author Herodotus, Cyrus treated Croesus well and with respect after the battle, but this is contradicted by the Nabonidus Chronicle, one of the Babylonian Chronicles ( although whether or not the text refers to Lydia's king or prince is unclear ).
According to the Chronicle of Nabonidus, when Cassandane died, all the nations of Cyrus's empire observed " a great mourning ", and, particularly in Babylonia, there was probably even a public mourning lasting for six days ( identified from 21 – 26 March 538 BC ).
It was common in the past to give 547 BC as the year of the conquest due to some interpretations of the Nabonidus Chronicle, but this position is currently not much held.
According to Herodotus, Cyrus the Great spared Croesus's life and kept him as an advisor, but this account conflicts with some translations of the contemporary Nabonidus Chronicle ( the King who was himself subdued by Cyrus the Great after conquest of Babylonia ), which interpret that the king of Lydia was slain.
The Nabonidus Chronicle records that, prior to the battle ( s ), Nabonidus had ordered cult statues from outlying Babylonian cities to be brought into the capital, suggesting that the conflict had begun possibly in the winter of 540 BC.
* Chronicle of Nabonidus, translation at Livius. org
* Nabonidus Chronicle ( ABC 7 ) ( text and translation )
* Leo Oppenheim's translation of the Nabonidus Chronicle can be found in J.
The contemporary Chronicle of Nabonidus refers to the mutiny on the battlefield as the cause for Astyages ' overthrow, but does not mention Harpagus by name.
Grayson translation of the Nabonidus Chronicle based on that of T. G.
The Chronicle of Nabonidus, the Cyrus Cylinder and the so-called Verse Account of Nabonidus contain apologies for the Persian king shedding a rather unfavourable light on the Babylonian king so that it appears that Cyrus I was a liberator and defender of Babylonian orthodoxy, acknowledging him has a legitimate successor to the Babylonian throne.

Nabonidus and is
* According to one possible translation, the exorcist or diviner heals Nabonidus and pardons his sins, whereas in Daniel Nebuchadnezzar is cured when he " up eyes to heaven " and " that the Most High is sovereign ".
* Nebuchadnezzar's illness occurs in Babylon ; Nabonidus is stricken in Tema.
The " general consensus " of scholars is that Daniel four ultimately draws upon the traditions and legends of Nabonidus.
However, there is no evidence that Belshazzar ever officially held the title of " king " as he is never called such on the Nabonidus Cylinder.
In line with the statement that Nabonidus " entrusted the kingship " to Belshazzar in his absence, there is evidence that Belshazzar's name was used with his father's in oath formulas, that he was able to pass edicts, lease farmlands, and receive the " royal privilege " to eat the food offered to the gods.
The short-lived 11th dynasty of the Kings of Babylon ( 6th century BC ) is conventionally known to historians as the Chaldean Dynasty, although only the first four rulers of this dynasty were known to be Chaldeans, and the last ruler, Nabonidus ( and his son and regent Belshazzar ) was known to be from Assyria.
Of the reign of the last Babylonian king, Nabonidus ( Nabu-na ' id ), and the conquest of Babylonia by Cyrus, there is a fair amount of information available.
Information regarding Nabonidus is chiefly derived from a chronological tablet containing the annals of Nabonidus, supplemented by another inscription of Nabonidus where he recounts his restoration of the temple of the Moon-god at Harran ; as well as by a proclamation of Cyrus issued shortly after his formal recognition as king of Babylonia.
* 539 BC — Babylon is conquered by Cyrus, defeating Nabonidus.
Some scholars think that Nebuchadnezzar's portrayal by Daniel is a mixture of traditions about Nebuchadnezzar — he was indeed the one who conquered Jerusalem — and about Nabonidus ( Nabuna ' id ).
The last king of the Neo-Babylonian period, Nabonidus, also originated from Harran as substantiated by evidence from the temple of stele of his mother Adad-Guppi, who is suspected by some to be of Assyrian origin.
Ecbatana ( Old Persian: Haŋgmatana, Agbatana in Aeschylus and Herodotus, elsewhere Ἐκβάτανα Ekbatana, Agámtanu by Nabonidos, and Agamatanu at Behistun ; modern Hamadan, Iran ) ( literally: the place of gathering ; ; ) is supposed to be the capital of Astyages ( Istuvegü ), which was taken by the Persian emperor Cyrus the Great in the sixth year of Nabonidus ( 549 BC ).
In line with the statement that Nabonidus " entrusted the kingship " to Belshazzar in his absence, there is evidence that Belshazzar's name was used with his father's in oath formulas, that he was able to pass edicts, lease farmlands, and receive the " royal privilege " to eat the food offered to the gods.
There is no evidence that Belshazzar ever officially held the title of " king " as he is never called such in the Nabonidus Cylinder.
The bottom line is that Nabonidus was still alive when Cyrus conquered Babylon, and had not been replaced as the official king of Babylon by Belshazzar.
However, The Verse Account of Nabonidus says, " Nabonidus said: ' I shall build a temple for him ( the Moon god Sin )... till I have achieved this, till I have obtained what is my desire, I shall omit all festivals, I shall order even the New Year's festival to cease!
This stated, the fact that Belshazzar did not disobey his father's command is evidence that Nabonidus remained the official ( and actual ) king of Babylon.
Labynetos is generally understood to be a garbled form of the name Nabonidus and the younger Labynetos is often identified with Belshazzar.

Nabonidus and said
Nabonidus came from the unfashionable north of Babylonia, introduced foreign gods and went into a lengthy self-imposed exile which was said to have prevented the celebration of the vital New Year festival.

Nabonidus and Cyrus
* 539 BC – Cyrus the Great enters the city of Babylon, detains Nabonidus and ends the Babylonian captivity.
It was in the sixth year of Nabonidus ( 549 BC ) that Cyrus, the Achaemenid Persian " king of Anshan " in Elam, revolted against his suzerain Astyages, " king of the Manda " or Medes, at Ecbatana.
Nabonidus fled to Babylon, where he was pursued by Gobryas, and on the 16th day of Tammuz, two days after the capture of Sippar, " the soldiers of Cyrus entered Babylon without fighting.
Cyrus now claimed to be the legitimate successor of the ancient Babylonian kings and the avenger of Bel-Marduk, who was assumed to be wrathful at the impiety of Nabonidus in removing the images of the local gods from their ancestral shrines to his capital Babylon.
In October 539 BCE, Nabonidus defended Opis against the Persian Empire commanded by Cyrus the Great.
Belshazzar was positioned in the city of Babylon to hold the capital, while Nabonidus marched his troops north to meet Cyrus.
On October 10, 539 BC, Nabonidus surrendered and fled from Cyrus.
Josephus, however, knew of Nabonidus and calls him " Nabonnedus " relating an account of his capture by Cyrus taken from Berossus.
However, it has been pointed out that Nabonidus ' royal propaganda was hardly different from his predecessors, while his Persian successor, Cyrus the Great, also referred to Ashurbanipal in the Cyrus cylinder.
Part of the propaganda issued by both the Marduk priesthood and Cyrus is the story of Nabonidus taking the most important cultic statues from southern Mesopotamia hostage in Babylon.
But this exposed him to criticism by his enemies, notably Cyrus, who was trying to show why he was a better king than Nabonidus had been, and took this as an example of Nabonidus lack of fitness to rule.
Regarding his return, this may have had to do with the mounting threat of Cyrus and growing disagreements with Belshazzar, who was relieved of his command directly after Nabonidus had come back, along with a number of administrators.
Finally, Berossus claimed that Cyrus beat the Babylonian army, but this time, Nabonidus was supposed to have fled to nearby Borsippa.
When Cyrus turned towards Borsippa, Nabonidus soon surrendered.

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