In 1453 when the last vestige of ancient Roman power fell to the Turks, the city officially shifted religions -- although the Patriarch, or Pope, of the Orthodox Church continued to live there, and still does -- and became the capital of the Ottoman Empire.

With a membership currently estimated at over 85 million members worldwide, the Anglican Communion is the third largest Christian communion in the world, after the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Churches.

Anglican clergy who join the Orthodox Church are reordained ; but Orthodox Churches hold that if Anglicanism and Orthodoxy were to reach full unity in the faith, perhaps such reordination might not be found necessary.

** Herman of Alaska ( Russian Orthodox Church and related congregations )

The Eastern Orthodox Church observes several All Souls ' Days during the year.

The Eastern Orthodox Church dedicates several days throughout the year to the dead, mostly on Saturdays, because of Jesus ' resting in the Holy Sepulchre on that day.

* 1962 – Representatives from the Russian Orthodox Church and Vatican City meet in Metz, France, and come to an agreement wherein the Russian church would send observers to the Second Vatican Council and in exchange, the Roman Catholic Church would refuse to condemn Communism.

In the Orthodox Church, only actual monastics are permitted to be elevated to the rank of Archimandrite.

Normally there are no celibate priests who are not monastics in the Orthodox Church, with the exception of married priests who have been widowed.

** Basil Fool for Christ ( Russian Orthodox Church )

Arianism is defined as those teachings attributed to Arius which are in opposition to mainstream Trinitarian Christological doctrine, as determined by the first two Ecumenical Councils and currently maintained by the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Churches, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, and most Reformation Protestant Churches.

In the Catholic Church ( both the Latin Rite and Eastern Catholic ), Eastern Orthodox, Coptic and Anglican abbeys, the mode of election, position, rights, and authority of an abbess correspond generally with those of an abbot.

( Eastern Orthodox Church )

* 1927 – Metropolitan Sergius proclaims the declaration of loyalty of the Russian Orthodox Church to the Soviet Union.

*** Buhe ( Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church )

( Russian Orthodox Church and Georgian Orthodox Church )

** Abraham of Smolensk ( Eastern Orthodox Church )

It was then that he began to study the principles of law and administration under Konstantin Pobedonostsev, then a professor of civil law at Moscow State University and later ( from 1880 ) chief procurator of the Holy Synod of the Orthodox Church in Russia.

* Saint Anastasius Sinaita ( of Sinai ) – theologian, Father of the Eastern Orthodox Church, monk, priest, and abbot of the monastery at Mt.

* 4-Metropolitan Anthony ( Bloom ) of Sourozh, 89, longest-ordained hierarch of the Russian Orthodox Church.

From then on, the premier hierarch of the Georgian Orthodox Church carried the official title of Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia.

The head of a millet — most often a religious hierarch such as the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople or, in earlier times, the Patriarch of the East — reported directly to the Ottoman Sultan or the Sassanid king, respectively.

* asserted that the canons appealed to by Constantinople do not give it the right to ' intrude into the affairs of other Local Churches and, in particular, to take into his jurisdiction a hierarch of the Russian Orthodox Church without the letter of dismissal stipulated by the holy canons ', quoting Apostolic Canon 33 and Council of Carthage, Canon 32, which forbid this ;

John of Shanghai and San Francisco | Saint John of Shanghai and San Francisco was a noted Eastern Orthodox Church | Eastern Orthodox Asceticism | ascetic and hierarch of the ROCOR in the mid-20th century.

* Saint Gorazd ( 1879 – 1942 ) – hierarch and martyr of the Czech and Slovak Orthodox Church

Saint John ( Maximovitch ) of Shanghai and San Francisco also John ( Maximovitch ) the Wonderworker ( 1896 – 1966 ) was a noted Eastern Orthodox ascetic and hierarch of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia ( ROCOR ) who was active in the mid-20th century.

As the only Russian hierarch in China who refused to submit to the authority of the Soviet-dominated Russian Orthodox Church, he was elevated to archbishop by the Holy Synod of ROCOR in 1946.

Locum tenens is also a name given to a temporary hierarch in the Eastern Orthodox Church, e. g. locum tenens of the Russian Orthodox Church.

In a ruling of importance for Orthodox women's capacity for legal self-protection under Jewish law, Haredi Rabbi Benzion Wosner, writing on behalf of the Shevet Levi Beit Din ( Rabbinical court ) of Monsey, New York, identified sexual harassment cases as coming under a class of exceptions to the traditional exclusion, under which " even children or women " have not only a right but an obligation to testify, and can be relied upon by a rabbinical court as valid witnesses:

Rabbi David Bar-Hayim of Machon Shilo offers a unique Orthodox approach: he has published a responsum outlining his opinion that there is no binding custom on Ashkenazim in the Land of Israel as historically this was not the local practice ( which, he explains, is the essence of custom ); in March 2007 he released a ruling that all Jews in the Land of Israel are permitted to eat kitniyot ( see English Article and Hebrew Legal Ruling ).

In 1956 for example, the moetzes issued a written ruling forbidding Orthodox rabbis to join with any Reform or Conservative rabbis in rabbinical communal professional organizations that then united the various branches of America's Jews, such as the Synagogue Council of America.

As a result of his ruling, Orthodox Jewish groups did not operate in interfaith discussions between the Roman Catholic Church and Jews about Vatican II, a strictly theological endeavour.

* Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia ( 1901 – 1918 ), daughter of Nicholas II of Russia, the last ruling family of the Romanov dynasty ; Eastern Orthodox Christian Saint.

As a result of his ruling, Orthodox Jewish groups did not cooperate in interfaith discussions between the Catholic Church and Judaism, nor did they participate in the later interfaith dialogues between Protestant Christian groups and the Jewish community.

Orthodox religious leaders objected vehemently to this ruling, arguing that it would lead to fraudulent immigration applications.

Children born to a marriage between a dynastic Romanov and a person " not of corresponding dignity " ( defined as " not belonging to any royal or sovereign house ") were ineligible for the throne, as was any person who inherited the throne while ruling over another nation whose state religion was not Orthodox, if unwilling to renounce that other throne and faith.

The exact volume referred to by a seah is debated, and classical rabbinical literature specifies only that it is enough to fit 144 eggs ; most Orthodox Jews use the stringent ruling of the Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz, according to which one seah is 14. 3 litres, and therefore a mikveh must contain approximately 575 litres.

Thus, the denominational division between Catholics and Orthodox gradually became a social division, with the Catholic ruling classes living in the towns on the islands and the Orthodox predominating in the countryside.

For instance, the Holy Synod is a ruling body of the Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church.

Concerning the former, which involved his protest in 2000 – 2001 of a case ( Boy Scouts of America v. Dale ) in which " the Supreme Court ruled that the Boy Scouts of America could exclude a gay scoutmaster because of his sexual orientation "; it was reported that " For many Jewish groups that work with the Boy Scouts – mainly Reform temples and Jewish community centers – the ensuing year has been marked by soul-searching, as they grappled with whether they should end their ties to the organization because of the organization's stance on gays ," and that " Within the Jewish community, Orthodox groups supported the ruling, saying civic organizations should be empowered to determine their own message – but most Jewish organizations condemned it as endorsing discrimination.

Machairas was Orthodox Christian but wrote with respect for the pope and the Catholic ruling class of Cyprus for whom he was working.

Contemporary Orthodox authorities do not follow this ruling, and hold that cheese requires formal kashrut certification to be kosher ; some even argue this is necessary for cheese made with nonanimal rennet.

The subject long remained sensitive, and the Russian Orthodox Church at the Great Synod of Moscow in 1667 finally forbade depictions of the Father in human form, although other Orthodox churches sometimes do not follow this ruling.

In 1912 archbishop Nicolas reposed, and Sergius took over as ruling bishop of the Japanese Orthodox mission.

In 1940 Sergius was ousted from his position at the head of the Japanese Orthodox Church, so that the Church might comply with the Japanese government's demand for all ruling clergy in Japanese religious organizations to be native.

In November 2005, a groundbreaking court decision in Israel ruled that a lesbian spouse could officially adopt a child born to her current partner by artificial insemination from an anonymous sperm donor ; this ruling came despite protests by the minority Orthodox Jewish parliamentary parties.

The Holy Synod of Jerusalem is the senior ruling body of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem and the Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulcher.