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USSR and political
Aided by a massive buildup of Soviet advisors, military personnel, and advanced weaponry during the Cold War, Cuba became a staunch ally of the USSR during Castro's rule, modeling its political structure after that of the CPSU.
In 1989 Gorbachev allowed other political associations ( de facto political parties ) to coexist with the Communist Party and in 1990 obtained the repeal of Article Six of the USSR constitution which gave the party supremacy over all institutions in society, thus ending its vanguard status.
Instead Gorbachev chose political liberalization during the years leading to the collapse of the USSR, while not implementing any significant economic reforms.
However, according to the official data, the total number of sentences for political and antistate ( espionage, terrorism ) crimes in USSR in 1939-41 was 211, 106.
Since real political power belongs to the sole legal party, in certain states under Marxist constitutions of the constitutionally socialist state type inspired by the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR ) and its constitutive Soviet republics, there was no formal office of head of state, but rather the leader of the legislative branch was considered to be the closest common equivalent of a head of state as a natural person.
On 30 July Soviet officials announced that they had granted him political asylum in the USSR, as well as Soviet citizenship.
* Smithsonian's Air & Space Magazine: " The Notorious Flight of Mathias Rust " Comprehensive article about the flight and the political aftermath in Gorbachev's USSR ( 1 July 2005 )
The USSR proposed to consider that a political turn towards Germany by the Baltic states would constitute an " indirect aggression " towards the Soviet Union.
In the Soviet Union ( USSR ), voices against nuclear weapons were few and far between since there was no widespread Freedom of speech and Freedom of the press as political factors.
While satire of everyday life in the USSR was allowed, the most prominent satirist being Arkady Raikin, political satire existed in the form of anecdotes that made fun of Soviet political leaders, especially Brezhnev, famous for his narrow-mindness and love for awards and decorations.
In practice, the USSR was a highly centralised entity from its creation in 1922 until the mid-1980s when political forces unleashed by reforms undertaken by Mikhail Gorbachev resulted in the loosening of central control and its ultimate dissolution.
The parties gave each other rights, " in the event of a territorial and political rearrangement ," to " spheres of influence " ( western Poland and Lithuania for Germany, and eastern Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Bessarabia for the USSR ).
Beginning at the Cold War ’ s conclusion, in late 1989, popular civil and political public discontent forced the Communist governments of the Warsaw Treaty countries from power – independent national politics made feasible with the perestroika-and glasnost-induced institutional collapse of Communist government in the USSR.
* May 26 – WWII Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942 to help establish military and political alliance between the USSR and the British Empire is signed in London by foreign Secretary Anthony Eden and by Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov.
He stated that psychiatric abuse, such as people usually associated with practices in the former USSR, was connected not with the misuse of psychiatric diagnoses, but with the political power built-in to the social role of the psychiatrist in democratic and totalitarian societies alike.
Those who had fallen short of the " political duty " of voting Estonia into the USSR, who had failed to have their passports stamped for so voting, were allowed to be shot in the back of the head by Soviet tribunals.
MAD was implied in several U. S. policies and used in the political rhetoric of leaders in both the U. S. and the USSR during many periods of the Cold War.
When Allende visited the USSR in late 1972 in search of more aid and additional lines of credit, after 3 years of political and economic failure and chaos, he was turned down.
* The USSR Committee for State Security ( KGB ), responsible for the political police, CI, intelligence, personal protection ( of the leadership ), and confidential communications.
They supported democratic rights in the USSR, opposed political deals with the imperialist powers, and advocated a spreading of the revolution throughout Europe and the East.
The Third World Congress in 1951 resolved that the economies of the East European states and their political regimes had come to resemble that of the USSR more and more.
On the nuclear attacks on Japan in WWII, he adhered to the view that " there was even less sign of a crack in Japan's determination to fight to the end with that of Nazi Germany, which is why nuclear arms were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to ensure a rapid Japanese surrender ", though believed there was an ancillary political, non-military reason for the bombings: " perhaps the thought that it would prevent America's ally the USSR from establishing a claim to a major part in Japan's defeat was not absent from the minds of the US government either.

USSR and studies
He laid the foundation to spectroscopy of organic molecules and to the studies on inter-and intra-molecular interactions in the gaseous, liquid and solid phases in the USSR.
During his studies in the USSR, Elbegdorj learned about Glasnost and concepts such as freedom of speech and economic liberties.
He followed graduation with postgraduate studies at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences at the USSR Academy of Sciences ( 1964 – 1966 ) and Department of History, University of Tartu ( 1966 – 1969 ); 1985 Cand.
Possibly the most extensive studies of this were in the Cold War when both the USA and USSR put great effort into ensuring that their strategic missile forces were under full control and that communications to them could not be interfered with, disrupted, or manipulated in any way.
Thus, in May 1959 the USSR Higher Education Ministry issued a decree to begin studies in Novosibirsk State University on September 1, 1959 with Ilia N. Vekua as rector ( Russian for president or chancellor of a university ).
Despite an extensive amount of research in the USSR, ( by 1984, more than 1, 500 pharmacological and clinical published studies ), the concept is not generally recognized in Western countries as it seemed to be in contrast to some of the key concepts of modern pharmacology: potency, selectivity and with efficacy balanced by an accepted level of toxicity.
Based on centrifuge experiments, threshold values of 0. 0011 ft / s < sup > 2 </ sup > have been reported ; values up to 0. 4 ft / s < sup > 2 </ sup > have been reported based on airborne studies in the USSR.
Having completed his secondary school studies, Surkov entered Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys in 1982, where he made a friend of Vladimir Solovyov, now a leading pro-government TV journalist, and Mikhail Fridman, now an oil tycoon, but failed to graduate as he had been conscripted into the military service, which around that time had become compulsory in USSR even for students.
* Prof. Jose David Lapuz is the author of numerous and various researches, essays and monograms and studies on Philippines foreign Policy, especially RP-US relations, Mutual Defense Treaty, Military Bases Agreement, the Parity Question, assistant pact, economic trade and cultural relations, Red China, USSR, the United Nations, political parties, neutralism, and Dr. Jose Rizal.

USSR and were
After the Revolution of 1917, views expressed by anthropologists in the USSR, and later the Soviet Bloc countries, were highly shaped by the requirement to conform to Marxist theories of social evolution.
The sites were Moscow for the USSR and Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota, since its Safeguard facility was already under construction, for the US.
However, now that the archeological archives and research results of the former USSR are open to scientists, it has become quite clear that the primal sighthound type evolved between the Kyrgyzstan, the lower Kazakhstan part of Altai and the Afghan plains, and that the earliest actual sighthound breeds were the plains Afghan hounds and the Kyrgyz Taigan.
Several of the other countries it occupied that were not directly annexed into the USSR became Soviet satellite states.
Forty-seven years after the initial freeze, Costa Rican President Óscar Arias Sánchez announced on 18 March 2009 that normal relations were to be re-established, saying, " If we have been able to turn the page with regimes as profoundly different to our reality as occurred with the USSR or, more recently, with the Republic of China, how would we not do it with a country that is geographically and culturally much nearer to Costa Rica?
In 1963, shortly after the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1, 500 DI agents, including Che Guevara, were invited to the USSR for intensive training in intelligence operations.
While ballistic missiles were the preferred weapons for land targets, heavy nuclear and conventional tipped cruise missiles were seen by the USSR as a primary weapon to destroy US naval carrier battle groups.
The truck-launched versions, and also the Pershing II and SS-20 Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles, were later destroyed under the bilateral INF ( Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces ) treaty with the USSR.
Khrushchev increased the perception of a missile gap when he loudly boasted to the world that the USSR was building missiles " like sausages " whose numbers and capabilities actually were nowhere close to his assertion.
All-Union Population Censuses were carried out in the USSR ( which included RSFSR and the other republics ) in 1920 ( urban only ), 1926, 1937, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, and 1989.
Elections to the new Congress of People's Deputies were held throughout the USSR in March and April 1989.
The initial, formal killings of the Final Solution were undertaken by the SS Einsatzgruppen ( Task Forces ) death squads who followed the Wehrmacht during the Operation Barbarossa invasion of the USSR in June 1941.
Infantry weapons of Soviet manufacture imported from the USSR, Czechoslovakia and the PRC were to be issued as they became available.
In March 1940, there were 53 separate camps and 423 labor colonies in the USSR.
A further 6-7 million were deported and exiled to remote areas of the USSR, and 4-5 million passed through " labour colonies ".
Approximately 300, 000 Polish prisoners of war were captured by the USSR during and after the ' Polish Defensive War '.
When the war ended in May 1945, as many as two million former Russian citizens were forcefully repatriated into the USSR.
All other lands east of the Oder – Neisse line were put under Polish administration, with the exception of historic northern East Prussia, which went to the USSR.
In the 1950s and 1960s, development began on Anti-Ballistic Missile systems by both the U. S. and USSR ; these systems were restricted by the 1972 ABM treaty.
The first successful ABM test were conducted by the USSR in 1961, that later deployed a fully operating system defending Moscow in the 1970s ( see Moscow ABM system ).
The 1972 SALT treaty froze the number of ICBM launchers of both the USA and the USSR at existing levels, and allowed new submarine-based SLBM launchers only if an equal number of land-based ICBM launchers were dismantled.
Subsequent talks, called SALT II, were held from 1972 to 1979 and actually reduced the number of nuclear warheads held by the USA and USSR.
SALT II was never ratified by the United States Senate, but its terms were nevertheless honored by both sides until 1986, when the Reagan administration " withdrew " after accusing the USSR of violating the pact.
When, in 1967, after his death at the age of 91, Germans were asked what they admired most about Adenauer, the majority responded that he had brought home the last German prisoners of war from the USSR, which had become known as the " Return of the 10, 000 ".

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