In the absence of negative externalities, the introduction of taxes into a market reduces economic efficiency by causing deadweight loss.

For expository purposes, this is best treated as a model which spells out the conditions under which an important industry affected with the public interest would find it profitable to raise wages even in the absence of union pressures for higher wages.

Yet our state is similar to a cancer cell — with its messianism and expansionism, its totalitarian suppression of dissent, the authoritarian structure of power, with a total absence of public control in the most important decisions in domestic and foreign policy, a closed society that does not inform its citizens of anything substantial, closed to the outside world, without freedom of travel or the exchange of information.

Some believe that in the absence of any public exploits for the problem, full and public disclosure should be preceded by disclosure of the vulnerability to the vendors or authors of the system.

Others contend that there never was a golden age of jury trials, but rather that juries in the early nineteenth century ( before the rise of plea bargaining ) were " unwitting and reflexive, generally wasteful of public resources and, because of the absence of trained professionals, little more than slow guilty pleas themselves ," and that the guilty-plea system that emerged in the latter half of the nineteenth century was a superior, more cost-effective method of achieving fair outcomes.

More recently, the concept has achieved recognition in the general public in the context of the absence of central indexing servers in architectures used for exchanging multimedia files.

The number of losers — which may add up to the size and severity of poverty — can be unexpectedly large if the method and process of privatization and how it is implemented are seriously flawed ( e. g. lack of transparency leading to state-owned assets being appropriated at minuscule amounts by those with political connections, absence of regulatory institutions leading to transfer of monopoly rents from public to private sector, improper design and inadequate control of the privatization process leading to asset stripping.

A 1984 ruling said " the land over which a public right of way exists is known as a highway ; and although most highways have been made up into roads, and most easements of way exist over footpaths, the presence or absence of a made road has nothing to do with the distinction.

Information received from nongovernment ( sic ) sources indicates that discrimination does exist in certain sectors of the public administration ; examples include the decline in the number of Sikhs in the police force and the military, and the absence of Sikhs in personal bodyguard units since the murder of Indira Gandhi ".

[...] As far as I know, things like an independent electoral commission, access to the public media, the absence of violence and intimidation … those matters have been addressed.

To cope with crisis and financial targets, the government cut down public service salaries ; the only opposition, in the absence of organised unions, came from Estonian teachers, whose salary cuts were therefore limited.

The precautionary principle or precautionary approach states that if an action or policy has a suspected risk of causing harm to the public or to the environment, in the absence of scientific consensus that the action or policy is harmful, the burden of proof that it is not harmful falls on those taking the action.

The public image of diplomats has been described as " a caricature of pinstriped men gliding their way around a never-ending global cocktail party " J. W. Burton has noted that " despite the absence of any specific professional training, diplomacy has a high professional status, due perhaps to a degree of secrecy and mystery that its practitioners self-consciously promote.

Marian Jordan took a protracted absence from the show from November 1937 to April 1939 to deal with a lifelong battle with alcoholism, although this was attributed to " fatigue " in public statements at the time.

In the absence of a printing press and given the weak public literacy rate, books were rare items in medieval Europe — generally held only by royal courts or Catholic monastic communities ( Kraye, et.

The absence of native British literature during the early part of the first millennium means that Britain's native cultural and historical knowledge of Boudica's rebellion, with anything else of pre-Roman occupation, is solely due to the deliberate erasure of indigenous culture with the subsequently revised public image transformed from the propaganda writings of Romans.

In 1989 Norman explained why Home at Last, the third album in his Second Trilogy, was released before the other two albums: " When it was suggested that my " comeback ", after ten years absence, might be a difficult passage back into the public arena, it was decided that Stranded in Babylon might be too radical a message for the first release.

He called the nation's attention to various recalcitrant social ills and evils, such as atrocities against women and children, caste discrimination and the ingrained attitudes it nurtured, abuse of the environment and public utilities, corruption and lack of accountability in the delivery of public services, religious fundamentalism, advertisement-driven consumerism, and flouting of human rights, and lamented the absence of public concern, political debate, and civic action to address them.

The region was shaped by the relative absence of slavery ( except for Missouri ), pioneer settlement, education in one-room free public schools, democratic notions brought by American Revolutionary War veterans, Protestant faiths and experimentation, and agricultural wealth transported on the Ohio River riverboats, flatboats, canal boats, and railroads.

As noted by Kirby J in dissent and a number of commentators, this represents a missed opportunity to comment on the exceptional nature of powers of resumption exercised in the absence of a public purpose limitation.

Areas of the town, such as Mount Pleasant, were noted for their absence of public houses due to the Methodist beliefs of the populations.

On his first show after the break Schmidt appeared with long hair and a fluffy full beard ( which looked kind of grey-white-blond-yellowish and reminiscent of Ernest Hemingway and made it to the newspaper headlines the next morning ) making fun of his long absence from the public.

With the absence of sustained growth, the fiscal situation started to deteriorate after 2001 reflecting a continued expansionary policy with sharp increase in spending on social sectors, the wage bill, and goods and services.

A crime ( as opposed to a civil wrong or tort ) is an infraction of a law, and will not always have an identifiable individual or group of individuals as its victims, but may also, for example, consist of the preparations that did not result in any damage ( mens rea in the absence of actus reus ), such as attempted murder, offenses against legal persons as opposed to individuals or natural persons, or directed against communal goods such as social order or a social contract or the state itself, as in tax avoidance and tax evasion, treason, or, in non-secular systems, the supernatural ( infractions of religious law ).

The total absence of agriculture in an economically strong area does not cause famine ; Arizona and other wealthy regions import the vast majority of their food, since such regions produce sufficient economic goods for trade.

The concept is based on the law of one price, where in the absence of transaction costs and official trade barriers, identical goods will have the same price in different markets when the prices are expressed in the same currency.

For Bordiga, both stages of socialist or communist society ( sometimes distinguished as " socialism " and " communism ") were characterised by the ( gradual ) absence of money, the market, and so on, the difference between them being that earlier in the first stage a system of ' rationing ' would be used to allocate goods to people, while in communism this could be abandoned in favour of full free access.

In addition, there are often special techniques for baked goods made on the trail in the absence of specialized camp oven equipment, including flipping over the ( lidded ) pan while on the heat and the " twiggy fire ", which mimics the use of charcoal on the lid of a Dutch oven using a small campfire on the lid of the pan.

Lee Sung-joo analyzed variability in many of the elite cemeteries of the territories of Silla and Gaya polities and found that as late as the 2nd century there was intra-cemetery variation in the distribution of prestige grave goods, but there was an absence of hierarchical differences on a regional scale between cemeteries.

This level is consistent with aggregate production in the absence of various temporary frictions such as incomplete price adjustment in labor and goods markets.

Conversely, if there are goods market shortages, individuals may choose to supply less labor ( and enjoy more leisure ) than they would in the absence of goods market disequilibrium.

This allowed the town to become a significant shipping and military port in past centuries despite the absence of a harbour, with transit of goods and people from ship to shore conducted using smaller tender craft.

Generic brands of consumer products ( often supermarket goods ) are distinguished by the absence of a brand name.

It was charged with the primary responsibility for the allocation of producer goods to enterprises, a critical state function in the absence of markets.

The mere absence of duty or other taxes on goods being sold does not assure that they are bargains.

In the absence of finished goods or intermediate ( work in progress ) inventory, it is the time it takes to actually manufacture the order without any inventory other than raw materials.

The presence or absence of branded or generic goods, of stylish or outmoded clothing, etc.

In the absence of other forces, including gravity, drops of virtually all liquids would be perfectly spherical.

According to Hymer, market imperfections are structural, arising from structural deviations from perfect competition in the final product market due to exclusive and permanent control of proprietary technology, privileged access to inputs, scale economies, control of distribution systems, and product differentation, but in their absence markets are perfectly efficient.

During the reign of Henry VIII, however, it was enacted that in the cases of high treason, an idiot could be tried in his absence as if he were perfectly sane.

Mackay's approach to prison officership is perfectly encapsulated in a ranting lecture he delivers to Fletcher and some of the other prisoners on his unexpected return from a period of absence on a training course in the episode, ' Disturbing the Peace.

The following season started with the appointment of Zdeněk Zeman as new head coach ; the Czech manager immediately brought Pescara back into national coverage thanks to his well-known all-attacking playing style that turned out to match perfectly with promising youngsters such as Marco Verratti, Ciro Immobile, and Lorenzo Insigne, who guided the squad to promotion to the Serie A. Pescara secured promotion to the top-level after a 19-year absence after defeating Sampdoria with a 3 – 1 score in an away match on 20 May 2012.