* Automated Mathematician, an artificial intelligence program

Turing is widely considered to be the father of computer science and artificial intelligence.

After arriving at the Tines homeworld and allying with Woodcarver to defeat Steel, Pham initiates the Countermeasure, which extends the " Slow Zone " – the inner region of the galaxy where the highest technologies, such as artificial intelligence and superluminal travel, are impossible – by thousands of light-years to enclose the Blight.

This can be treated as part of subject area of artificial intelligence.

* Woody Bledsoe, artificial intelligence pioneer.

In the field of artificial intelligence, the most difficult problems are informally known as AI-complete or AI-hard, implying that the difficulty of these computational problems is equivalent to solving the central artificial intelligence problem — making computers as intelligent as people, or strong AI.

Seed AI is a hypothesized type of strong artificial intelligence capable of recursive self-improvement.

Bioinformatics also deals with algorithms, databases and information systems, web technologies, artificial intelligence and soft computing, information and computation theory, structural biology, software engineering, data mining, image processing, modeling and simulation, discrete mathematics, control and system theory, circuit theory, and statistics.

The propositional satisfiability problem ( PSAT ), which decides whether a given propositional formula is satisfiable, is of central importance in various areas of computer science, including theoretical computer science, algorithmics, artificial intelligence, hardware design, electronic design automation, and verification.

Modern SAT solvers are also having significant impact on the fields of software verification, constraint solving in artificial intelligence, and operations research, among others.

In general, computational linguistics draws upon the involvement of linguists, computer scientists, experts in artificial intelligence, mathematicians, logicians, philosophers, cognitive scientists, cognitive psychologists, psycholinguists, anthropologists and neuroscientists, among others.

Computational linguistics as a field predates artificial intelligence, a field under which it is often grouped.

When artificial intelligence came into existence in the 1960s, the field of computational linguistics became that sub-division of artificial intelligence dealing with human-level comprehension and production of natural languages.

Cognitive science consists of multiple research disciplines, including psychology, artificial intelligence, philosophy, neuroscience, linguistics, anthropology, sociology, and education.

In the 1970s and early 1980s, much cognitive science research focused on the possibility of artificial intelligence.

It has also given rise to a new theory of the philosophy of mathematics, and many theories of artificial intelligence, persuasion and coercion.

The Turing test is commonly cited in discussions of artificial intelligence as a proposed criterion for machine consciousness ; it has provoked a great deal of philosophical debate.

In the literature concerning artificial intelligence ( AI ), Searle's essay has been second only to Turing's in the volume of debate it has generated.

For example, Philip K. Dick's works contain recurring themes of social decay, artificial intelligence, paranoia, and blurred lines between objective and subjective realities, and the influential cyberpunk movie Blade Runner is based on one of his books.

Provoked by predictions of a technological singularity ( the hypothetical moment at which artificial intelligence will surpass human intelligence ), Hofstadter has both organized and participated in several public discussions of the topic.

In their speculative work on the topic of future science and artificial intelligence, authors Goertzel and Bugaj describe a very different metaphysical notion as " quantum immortality ", one they claim is applicable in all circumstances, for every " intelligent entity ", and that serves as a means of " transfer " to other universes.

Several attempts have been made to produce an artificial meat, using isolated tissues to produce it in vitro ; Jason Matheny's work on this topic, which in the New Harvest project, is one of the most commented.

Computing Machinery and Intelligence, written by Alan Turing and published in 1950 in Mind, is a seminal paper on the topic of artificial intelligence in which the concept of what is now known as the Turing test was introduced to a wide audience.

It is a primary goal of artificial intelligence research and an important topic for science fiction writers and futurists.

Each issue, consisting of a number of articles, is dedicated to a different topic: privacy, intelligence both natural and artificial, applied ethics, history and narrative, friendship.

Robots of this degree of complexity do not yet exist, but they have been widely anticipated in science fiction, films and are a topic of active research and development in the fields of robotics and artificial intelligence.

It is a major topic of artificial intelligence in medicine.

A theoretical topic in evolution is Neutral Networks, the study of pathways of neutral mutations through sequence space, or percolating ridges through fitness landscapes, which may be typical of many complex evolutionary scenarios and can be exploited by artificial evolution.

Some examples include pacemakers, infusion pumps, the heart-lung machine, dialysis machines, artificial organs, implants, artificial limbs, corrective lenses, cochlear implants, ocular prosthetics, facial prosthetics, somato prosthetics, and dental implants.

Although it was originally presented in reaction to the statements of artificial intelligence researchers, it is not an argument against the goals of AI research, because it does not limit the amount of intelligence a machine can display.

Applications range from tasks such as industrial machine vision systems which, say, inspect bottles speeding by on a production line, to research into artificial intelligence and computers or robots that can comprehend the world around them.

The effort to actually program a machine or artificial agent to behave as though instilled with a sense of ethics requires new specificity in our normative theories, especially regarding aspects customarily considered common-sense.

Information theory is closely associated with a collection of pure and applied disciplines that have been investigated and reduced to engineering practice under a variety of rubrics throughout the world over the past half century or more: adaptive systems, anticipatory systems, artificial intelligence, complex systems, complexity science, cybernetics, informatics, machine learning, along with systems sciences of many descriptions.

In the domain of computer science, MIT faculty and researchers made fundamental contributions to cybernetics, artificial intelligence, computer languages, machine learning, robotics, and cryptography.

Historically, the use of neural networks models marked a paradigm shift in the late eighties from high-level ( symbolic ) artificial intelligence, characterized by expert systems with knowledge embodied in if-then rules, to low-level ( sub-symbolic ) machine learning, characterized by knowledge embodied in the parameters of a dynamical system.

technology for statistical NLP comes mainly from machine learning and data mining, both of which are fields of artificial intelligence

The concept has been given an axiomatic mathematical derivation in probability theory, which is used widely in such areas of study as mathematics, statistics, finance, gambling, science, artificial intelligence / machine learning and philosophy to, for example, draw inferences about the expected frequency of events.

A programming language is an artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer.

The classic implementation was on the PDP-10 ; it has been used to study compilers, formal grammars, and artificial intelligence, especially machine translation and machine comprehension of natural languages.

Standardized time measurements are made using a clock to count periods of some cyclic change, which may be either the changes of a natural phenomenon or of an artificial machine.

It utilizes methods at the intersection of artificial intelligence, machine learning, statistics, and database systems.

The term is a buzzword, and is frequently misused to mean any form of large-scale data or information processing ( collection, extraction, warehousing, analysis, and statistics ) but is also generalized to any kind of computer decision support system, including artificial intelligence, machine learning, and business intelligence.

Often the more general terms "( large scale ) data analysis ", or " analytics " – or when referring to actual methods, artificial intelligence and machine learning – are more appropriate.

The patent shows that this machine was actually created: " hath by his great study and paines & expence invented and brought to perfection an artificial machine or method for impressing or transcribing of letters, one after another, as in writing, whereby all writing whatsoever may be engrossed in paper or parchment so neat and exact as not to be distinguished from print ; that the said machine or method may be of great use in settlements and public records, the impression being deeper and more lasting than any other writing, and not to be erased or counterfeited without manifest discovery.

The majority of these " mobile suits " have a cockpit in the " torso " of the machine, with a camera built into the " head " to transmit images to the cockpit ( with the exception of the head-mounted cockpits in Psyco Gundam ) and are non-sentient machines, with the exceptions of the artificial intelligence A. L. I. C. E.

This requires an artificial kidney ( a dialysis machine ) and relatively long periods hooked up to the machine every few days.

The keen observer may associate this with the development in the field of artificial intelligence made popular in the 1980s and 1990s such as expert systems, neural networks, machine learning, natural language processing, and vision.