Robert, a militant cleric who had succeeded Albornoz as commander of the papal troops, took the title of Clement VII, beginning the Western Schism, which divided Catholic Christendom until 1417.

In the era beginning with Pope Gregory VII, the Latin Christendom entered a period of internal conflict.

This was presented to the spiritual and temporal rulers in various parts of Christendom in 1836, beginning with an appeal to the bishops of the Church of England, then in a more comprehensive form to the Pope and other leaders in Christendom, including the Emperor of Austria-Hungary, the Tsar of Russia, the Kings of France, Prussia, Denmark, and Sweden, as well as King William IV of England.

The accession of Constantine was a turning point for early Christianity, generally considered the beginning of Christendom.

But a few days after Fred's return he began hemorrhaging and that was the beginning of early and complete disintegration.

That is, there was no trace of Anglo-Saxons in Britain as early as the late third century, to which time the archaeological evidence for the erection of the Saxon Shore forts was beginning to point.

This manifestation may be an early sign of multiple sclerosis or the beginning of sewer's cramp.

He worked in oil for years before beginning his work in watercolor, and his first public recognition and early honors, including his election to the Academy, were for his essays in the heavier medium.

With the beginning of the slow decline of the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century, and as a result of the expansionist policies of Czarist Russia in the Caucasus, many Muslim nations and groups in that region, mainly Circassians, Tatars, Azeris, Lezgis, Chechens, and several Turkic groups left their ancestral homelands and settled in Anatolia.

Most of IBM's early binary " scientific " computers, beginning with the vacuum tube IBM 701 in 1952, used a single 36-bit accumulator, along with a separate multiplier / quotient register to handle operations with longer results.

Lyrical and almost epigrammatic in form, the poems ' wistful evocation of doomed youth in the English countryside, in spare language and distinctive imagery, appealed strongly to late Victorian and Edwardian taste, and to many early 20th century English composers ( beginning with Arthur Somervell ) both before and after the First World War.

The spelling of his name was changed after the beginning of the series ; his nameplate and office door spells his surname " McVicar " in early episodes.

An increasing percentage of the ranks are " long-service " volunteer professionals ; women were allowed to serve in the armed forces beginning in early 1980s when the Brazilian Army became the first army in South America to accept women into career ranks ; women serve in Navy and Air Force only in Women's Reserve Corps.

Nonetheless, beginning in the early 1960s low capital and labour productivity and expensive material inputs plagued the Bulgarian economy.

Britain's willingness, beginning early in 1916, to explore seriously some kind of arrangement with " world Jewry " or " Great Jewry " must be understood in this context.

This opportunity was not wasted, as Haydn, beginning quite early on his career, sought to press forward the technique of building ideas in music.

In ancient Greece, beginning in the early 1st millennium AD, there emerged independent city-states that evolved for the first time the notion of citizenship, becoming in the process the archetype of the free city, the polis.

This did not happen all around the world at the same time, but occurred sporadically, generally in times of war or financial crisis, beginning in the early part of the 20th century and continuing across the world until the late 20th century, when the regime of floating fiat currencies came into force.

The Mexican archeologist and anthropologist Manuel Gamio reported in 1930 that the term " chicamo " ( with an " m ") was used as a derogatory term used by Hispanic Texans for recently arrived Mexican immigrants displaced during the Mexican revolution in the beginning of the early 20th century.

By early 2000 there had been the beginning of an economic recovery, with the export sector leading the way, as it enjoyed the benefit of the more competitive exchange rate, as well as strong prices for petroleum, Colombia's leading export product.

The history of the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is typically divided into three broad time periods: ( 1 ) the early history during the lifetime of Joseph Smith, Jr. which is in common with all Latter Day Saint movement churches, ( 2 ) a " pioneer era " under the leadership of Brigham Young and his 19th century successors, and ( 3 ) a modern era beginning around the turn of the 20th century as Utah achieved statehood.

The history of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) is typically divided into three broad time periods: ( 1 ) the early history during the lifetime of Joseph Smith, Jr. which is in common with all Latter Day Saint movement churches, ( 2 ) a " pioneer era " under the leadership of Brigham Young and his 19th Century successors, and ( 3 ) a modern era beginning around the turn of the 20th century as the practice of polygamy was discontinued.

The name Angola starts as early as the beginning of slavery in Brazil, when Africans, taken to Luanda to be shipped to the Americas, were called in Brazil black people from Angola, regardless of their nationality.

Motley, the team's best rusher and blocker in its early years, retired at the beginning of the season with a bad knee.

The early studies focused on conservatives, beginning with Theodor W. Adorno's The Authoritarian Personality ( 1950 ).

Many thinkers point to the concept of citizenship beginning in the early city-states of ancient Greece, although others see it as primarily a modern phenomenon dating back only a few hundred years.

Ironically, the rise of infantry in the early 16th century coincided with the " golden age " of heavy cavalry ; a French or Spanish army at the beginning of the century could have up to half its numbers made up of various kinds of light and heavy cavalry, whereas in earlier medieval and later 17th century armies the proportion of cavalry was seldom more than a quarter.

Stakeholders must be identified early in the process and a full commitment is needed from all executives before beginning the conversion.

By the beginning of the 8th century, these kingdoms had either been conquered by Nicene neighbors ( Ostrogoths, Vandals, Burgundians ) or their rulers had accepted Nicene Christianity ( Visigoths, Lombards ).

Christianity, social tolerance, and homosexuality: Gay people in Western Europe from the beginning of the Christian era to the fourteenth century.

The most probable ancient account of the beginning of Christianity in Rome is given by a 4th century writer known as Ambrosiaster:

In Christianity, worship of any other deity besides the Trinity was deemed heretical, but veneration for Mary, the mother of Jesus Christ, as an especially privileged saint — though not as a deity — has continued since the beginning of the Catholic faith.

The state adopted Christianity from the Byzantine Empire in 988, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium.

The Eastern Orthodox view of the origin of icons is generally quite different from that of most secular scholars and from some in contemporary Roman Catholic circles: " The Orthodox Church maintains and teaches that the sacred image has existed from the beginning of Christianity ", Léonid Ouspensky has written.

Ulansey holds that " Mithraism declined with the rise to power of Christianity, until the beginning of the fifth century, when Christianity became strong enough to exterminate by force rival religions such as Mithraism.

The continued spread of Christianity, and the foundation of national churches, led to the translation of the Bible — often beginning with books from the New Testament — into a variety of other languages at a relatively early date: Armenian, Georgian, Ethiopic, Persian, Soghdian, and eventually Gothic, Old Church Slavonic, Arabic, and Nubian.

For the Israelites who were its original authors and readers these books told of their own unique relationship with God and their relationship with proselytes, but the overarching messianic nature of Christianity has led Christians from the very beginning of the faith to see the Old Testament as a preparation for the New Covenant and New Testament.

Since the beginning of the 7th century the Islamic Caliphate had conquered much of the southern Mediterranean, and represented a threat to Christianity.

In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium.

As an important port for trade between Russia and Scandinavia, it became a target for the expansion of the Teutonic Knights and the Kingdom of Denmark during the period of Northern Crusades in the beginning of the 13th century when Christianity was forcibly imposed on the local population.

Christianity had taken root in Denmark and Norway with the establishment of dioceses during the 11th century, and the new religion was beginning to organise and assert itself more effectively in Sweden.

The period covers the beginning of Christianity until before the promulgation of the Nicene Creed at the First Council of Nicaea.

The executions marked the beginning of a long history of persecution of Christianity in Japan, which continued until its decriminalization in 1871.

According to chroniclers such as Eusebius of Caesarea and Lactantius, the battle marked the beginning of Constantine's conversion to Christianity.

Thanks to the encouragement of Tupou, the King of Nuku ' alofa, this was the beginning of the expanding of Nuku ' alofa to become the major center of Christianity in Tonga.

The year 1300, the first Jubilee in history of Christianity, saw the beginning of the reconstruction of the cathedral, promoted by Matteo Visconti.

Aelia Eudocia Augusta ( c. 401 – 460 ) was the wife of Theodosius II, and a prominent historical figure in understanding the rise of Christianity during the beginning of the Byzantine Empire.

The Jesus movement was a movement in Christianity beginning on the West Coast of the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s and spreading primarily through North America and Europe, before dying out by the early 1980s.

After the beginning of struggle against the Orthodox Christianity in Lithuania the Orthodox Nikolayevskiy Cathedral was closed by the order of Greek Catholic Eparch Josaphat Kuntsevych in 1621.

In the beginning of 1279 a papal legate arrived in Hungary to inquire into the conduct of the king, who was accused by his neighbors and many of his own subjects, of undermining Christianity.