Over 99. 94 % of an atom's mass is concentrated in the nucleus ,< ref group = note > In the case of hydrogen-1, with a single electron and nucleon, the proton is, or 99. 95 % of the total atomic mass.

This is the case when electron correlation is large.

In the first case, the bond is divided so that each product retains an electron and becomes a neutral radical.

In the nonrelativistic case, electron degeneracy pressure gives rise to an equation of state of the form, where P is the pressure, is the mass density, and is a constant.

The nucleus ( upper right ) in helium-4 is in reality spherically symmetric and closely resembles the electron cloud, although for more complicated nuclei this is not always the case.

In the classical view, there are only electrons moving in the same average direction both in the case of electron or hole conductivity.

However in the case of the free electron laser, atomic energy levels are not involved ; it appears that the operation of this rather exotic device can be explained without reference to quantum mechanics.

Moreover, even when the electron configuration is such that there are unpaired electrons and / or non-filled subshells, it is often the case that the various electrons in the solid will contribute magnetic moments that point in different, random directions, so that the material will not be magnetic.

In these models, one either departs from the atomic orbitals of neutral atoms that share their electrons or ( in the case of density functional theory ) departs from the total electron density.

A second type of solution occurs for energy levels in the so-called " forbidden " gaps between " allowed " states-in this case, the electron cannot travel indefinitely through the crystal with that energy and will either be reflected at the edges of the region, or possibly must pass through the region in a phenomenon called " Quantum tunnelling ".

Sometimes even in this case it may be said that a hole was left behind, to explain why the electron does not fall back to lower energies: It cannot find a hole.

In the case of tunneling, the tip and sample wave functions overlap such that when under a bias, there is some finite probability to find the electron in the barrier region and even on the other side of the barrier.

If the mass of the core exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit, electron degeneracy pressure will be unable to support its weight against the force of gravity, and the core will undergo sudden, catastrophic collapse to form a neutron star or ( in the case of cores that exceed the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit ), a black hole.

In that ideal case, the atoms are positioned on a perfect lattice, the electron density is perfectly periodic, and the Fourier transform F ( q ) is zero except when q belongs to the reciprocal lattice ( the so-called Bragg peaks ).

As opposed to the case in conventional electronic components, where electrons can be filled in or drawn out more or less like a continuous flow of charge, the transfer of a single electron alters the system significantly.

The active magnetic dipoles in this case are those of the electron shells of the paramagnetic atoms.

" The fundamental idea of 1924 thesis was the following: The fact that, following Einstein's introduction of photons in light waves, one knew that light contains particles which are concentrations of energy incorporated into the wave, suggests that all particles, like the electron, must be transported by a wave into which it is incorporated ... My essential idea was to extend to all particles the coexistence of waves and particles discovered by Einstein in 1905 in the case of light and photons.

In that case, the penetration depth also varies exponentially with temperature T. If there are nodes in the energy gap as in the d symmetry HTS, electron pair can more easily be broken, the superfluid density should have a stronger temperature dependence, and the penetration depth is expected to increase as a power of T at low temperatures.

For an insulator, the Fermi level lies within the band gap, indicating an empty conduction band ; in this case, the minimum energy to remove an electron is about the sum of half the band gap and the electron affinity.

In the case of ionization of a gas, ion pairs are created consisting of a free electron and a positive ion.

In ununseptium's case, the trend will be continued and the valence electron configuration is predicted to be 7s < sup > 2 </ sup > 7p < sup > 5 </ sup >; therefore, ununseptium will behave similarly to the halogens in many respects.

After the reaction, ignited by electron beams in this case, the magnet funnelled the hot gas to the rear for thrust.

Just as in the case of every prodigy child, we must watch for the efficacy of my teaching to show up in the future -- if he should master all the strenuous exercises I inflicted on him.

We can be virtuous only if we control our lower natures, the passions in this case, and strengthen our rational side ; ;

But if she were just having a normal case of pre-nuptial jitters such a question might frighten her out of a really good marriage.

But if true, it was the case of which he had dreamed, the case which would throw him into headlines all over America as the hero of a great murder trial.

But if this is the case, then an arbitrary pencil of lines having a point, P, of **zg as vertex is transformed into a ruled surface of order Af having Af generators concurrent at P.

For if such were the case, either the plane of the two lines would meet **zg in more than K points or, alternatively, the order of the image regulus of the pencil determined by the two lines would be too high.

We now observe that the case in which **zg is a Af curve on a quadric is impossible if the complex of singular lines consists exclusively of the lines which meet Aj.

If anyone asked us, after we made the remark that the suffering was a bad thing, whether we should think it relevant to what we said to learn that the incident had never occurred and no pain had been suffered at all, we should say that it made all the difference in the world, that what we were asserting to be bad was precisely the suffering we thought had occurred back there, that if this had not occurred, there was nothing left to be bad, and that our assertion was in that case mistaken.

In the specific case of time diffusion, we must emphasize the significance of the earlier development of mistrust when it is combined with the inevitable time crisis experienced by most ( if not all ) adolescents in our society, and with the failure of the adolescent period to provide opportunities for developing trust.

William A. Redding asserted that if the case had been heard in open court under rules of evidence, the testimony would have been completed in sixty days instead of five years.

One of the A.L.A.M. lawyers observed that if the Selden case had been tried under this simplified procedure, the testimony which filled more than a score of volumes, `` at a minimum cost of $1 a page for publication alone, could have been contained in one volume ''.

`` What this amounts to, if true, is that there will be a free-for-all fight in this case.

After reading his statement discharging the 23d ward case, Karns told Wexler that if the seven cases scheduled for trial also involved persons who had been subpenaed, he would dismiss them.

He asked members of the panel to tell him if anyone outside the court had spoken to them about the case.

Thus, if what is at issue is whether `` All S is P '', it is indifferent whether `` Some S is not P '' or `` No S is P '', since in either case the judgment in question is false.

In any case, though they had been promised immortality if they ate of the tree, they obtained mortality instead.

Presumably, if the reverse is the case and the good effect is more certain than the evil result that may be forthcoming, not only must the good and the evil be prudentially weighed and found proportionate, but also calculation of the probabilities and of the degree of certainty or uncertainty in the good or evil effect must be taken into account.

A simple illustration of such cause and effect is the case of experiencing the effects of what I cause: if I cause suffering, then as a natural consequence I will experience suffering ; if I cause happiness, then as a natural consequence I will experience happiness.

This might be the proper standard of review, for example, if the lower court resolved the case by granting a pre-trial motion to dismiss or motion for summary judgment which is usually based only upon written submissions to the trial court and not on any trial testimony.

The first function is assumed, if the expression in the argument contains more characters or, than characters, and the second function is assumed in the opposite case.

In many cases such a selection can be made without invoking the axiom of choice ; this is in particular the case if the number of bins is finite, or if a selection rule is available: a distinguishing property that happens to hold for exactly one object in each bin.

In that case it is equivalent to saying that if we have several ( a finite number of ) boxes, each containing at least one item, then we can choose exactly one item from each box.