Research has only rarely been conducted into the therapeutic potential of opioid derivatives for depression in the past sixty years, whereas amphetamines have found a thriving market for conditions as widely arrayed as attention deficit disorder, narcolepsy, and obesity, and continue to be studied for myriad applications.

Derivatives are broadly categorized by the relationship between the underlying asset and the derivative ( such as forward, option, swap ); the type of underlying asset ( such as equity derivatives, foreign exchange derivatives, interest rate derivatives, commodity derivatives, or credit derivatives ); the market in which they trade ( such as exchange-traded or over-the-counter ); and their pay-off profile.

The OTC derivative market is the largest market for derivatives, and is largely unregulated with respect to disclosure of information between the parties, since the OTC market is made up of banks and other highly sophisticated parties, such as hedge funds.

A derivatives exchange is a market where individuals trade standardized contracts that have been defined by the exchange.

* Hedge funds ( private investment funds ) use tools from all fields of numerical analysis to calculate the value of stocks and derivatives more precisely than other market participants.

The Z80 and its derivatives and clones make up one of the most commonly used CPU families of all time, and, along with the MOS Technology 6502 family, dominated the 8-bit microcomputer market from the late 1970s to the mid-1980s.

This program never came to the market, but derivatives aimed at embedded systems arrived circa 1990 ( along with versions of the older NS32000 line for low cost products such as the NS32GX32, NS32CG16, NS32FV16, NS32FX161 and NS32FX164 ).

It serves as an intermediary between emerging market businesses and international derivatives market makers to increase access to risk management instruments.

When such CDOs are backed by assets of dubious value, such as subprime mortgage loans, and lose market liquidity, the bonds and their derivatives become what is referred to as " toxic debt ".

A stock market or equity market is a public entity ( a loose network of economic transactions, not a physical facility or discrete entity ) for the trading of company stock ( shares ) and derivatives at an agreed price ; these are securities listed on a stock exchange as well as those only traded privately.

The total world derivatives market has been estimated at about $ 791 trillion face or nominal value, 11 times the size of the entire world economy.

The value of the derivatives market, because it is stated in terms of notional values, cannot be directly compared to a stock or a fixed income security, which traditionally refers to an actual value.

Soon thereafter, a lively trade in various derivatives, among which options and repos, emerged on the Amsterdam market.

For example, the USA promoted the Federal National Mortgage Administration ( FNMA ) as a cure for widespread home ownership ; however, coercion of banks to lend to multitudes of unqualified buyers, accentuated with unintended trading of the financial derivatives of these mortgages, led to a dramatic collapse of the housing market in the USA in the period 2008 to 2012.

non commercial derivatives, which do not compete with the market for the original

Blériot monoplanes and Voisin-type biplanes, with the latter's Farman derivatives dominated the pre-war aviation market.

The world's largest derivatives exchanges ( by number of transactions ) are the Korea Exchange ( which lists KOSPI Index Futures & Options ), Eurex ( which lists a wide range of European products such as interest rate & index products ), and CME Group ( made up of the 2007 merger of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the Chicago Board of Trade and the 2008 acquisition of the New York Mercantile Exchange ).

S & P CNX Nifty has shaped up as the largest single financial product in India, with an ecosystem comprising: exchange traded funds ( onshore and offshore ), exchange-traded futures and options ( at NSE in India and at SGX and CME abroad ), other index funds and OTC derivatives ( mostly offshore ).

These include index based derivatives traded on NSE, Singapore Exchange ( SGX ) and Chicago Mercantile Exchange ( CME ) and a number of index funds and exchange traded funds.

It is occasionally used for names of organisations and various other things ; for instance: Hibernia National Bank, Hibernian Insurance Group, Ancient Order of Hibernians, The Hibernian magazine, Hibernia College, Hibernian Football Club, HMS Hibernia, the Hibernia oil field, and modern derivatives, from Latin like Respublica Hibernica ( Irish Republic ) and Universitas Hiberniae Nationalis ( National University of Ireland ).

Indeed, as a member of President Clinton's Working Group on Financial Markets, Summers, along with U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) Chairman Arthur Levitt, Fed Chairman Greenspan, and Secretary Rubin, torpedoed an effort to regulate the derivatives that many blame for bringing the financial market down in Fall 2008.

Although hailed by the PWG on the day of congressional passage as “ important legislation ” to allow “ the United States to maintain its competitive position in the over-the-counter derivative markets ”, by 2001 the collapse of Enron brought public attention to the CFMA ’ s treatment of energy derivatives in the “ Enron Loophole .” Following the Federal Reserve ’ s emergency loans to “ rescue ” American International Group ( AIG ) in September, 2008, the CFMA has received even more widespread criticism for its treatment of credit default swaps and other OTC derivatives.

Securities firms agreed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) and CFTC to establish a Derivatives Policy Group through which six large securities firms conducting the great majority of securities firm OTC derivatives activities reported to the CFTC and SEC about their activities and adopted voluntary principles similar to those applicable to banks.

From 1992 to 2000, King Yao worked for Susquehanna International Group as a financial derivatives trader.

From 1993 to 1996, he traded derivatives for Credit Suisse Group.

In March 1993, NationsBank acquired Chicago Research and Trading Group, expanding into derivatives and dramatically increasing foreign exchange trading.

* Over-the-counter ( OTC ) derivatives are contracts that are traded ( and privately negotiated ) directly between two parties, without going through an exchange or other intermediary.

One way of expressing the Lie bracket is through the formalism of Lie derivatives, which identifies a vector field X with a first order partial differential operator L < sub > X </ sub > acting on smooth functions by letting L < sub > X </ sub >( f ) be the directional derivative of the function f in the direction of X.

The typical ligands for nuclear receptors are lipophilic hormones like the steroid hormones testosterone and progesterone and derivatives of vitamins A and D. To initiate signal transduction, the ligand must pass through the plasma membrane by passive diffusion.

Investing in the DJIA is made widely accessible in equities through exchange-traded funds ( ETFs ) as well as in derivatives through option contracts and futures contracts.

* Uremic frost, a condition when urea and urea derivatives are secreted through the skin in sweat, which evaporates away to leave solid uric compounds, resembling a frost.

The Christological conflict among monophysitism, duophysitism, and their subtle combinations and derivatives lasted from the third through the eighth centuries and left its mark on all but the first two Ecumenical Councils.

In 1995 Arthur Wilmarth proposed applying Litan ’ s “ narrow bank ” proposal to U. S. banks (“ global banks ”) that had become heavily involved in “ capital markets ” activities through “ Section 20 affiliates ,” derivatives, and other activities.

This, combined with White's actions on the Crusader, disagreements with Rumfeld on the Stryker project, and his distracting association with Enron including the selling of restricted Enron stock through “ private investments ” ( derivatives ), prompted Rumsfeld to demand White's resignation.

A Roth IRA can be an individual retirement account containing investments in securities, usually common stocks and bonds, often through mutual funds ( although other investments, including derivatives, notes, certificates of deposit, and real estate are possible ).

In summary, both derivatives and logarithms have a product rule, a reciprocal rule, a quotient rule, and a power rule ( compare the list of logarithmic identities ); each pair of rules is related through the logarithmic derivative.

To the extent insurance company affiliates acted as dealers of OTC derivatives rather than as counterparties to transactions with banks or security firm affiliates, they had no such federal “ safety and soundness ” regulation of those activities and typically conducted the activities through London-based affiliates.

It also expanded the scope of the CEA to cover the previously listed agricultural products and “ all other goods and articles, except onions, and all services, rights, and interests in which contracts for future delivery are presently or in the future dealt in .” Existing non-exchange traded financial “ commodity ” derivatives markets ( mostly “ interbank ” markets ) in foreign currencies, government securities, and other specified instruments were excluded from the CEA through the “ Treasury Amendment ”, to the extent transactions in such markets remained off a “ board of trade .” The expanded CEA, however, did not generally exclude financial derivatives.

Congress passed a law preventing the CFTC from changing its treatment of OTC derivatives through March 1999.

By finding ( 1 ) the sophisticated parties participating in the OTC derivatives markets did not require CEA protections, ( 2 ) the activities of most OTC derivatives dealers were already subject to direct or indirect federal oversight, ( 3 ) manipulation of financial markets through financial OTC derivatives had not occurred and was highly unlikely, and ( 4 ) the OTC derivatives market performed no significant “ price discovery ” function, the PWG concluded “ there is no compelling evidence of problems involving bilateral swap agreements that would warrant regulation under the CEA .” By essentially adopting the views of the other members of the PWG concerning the scope and application of the CEA, the CFTC permitted a “ remarkable ” agreement “ on a redrawing of the regulatory lines .”

Price information could be broadly disseminated through “ electronic trading facilities .” The PWG hoped these features would ( 1 ) increase “ transparency ” and liquidity in the OTC derivatives market by increasing the circulation of information about market pricing and ( 2 ) reduce “ systemic risk ” by reducing credit exposures between parties to OTC derivatives transactions.

AIG ( the insurance company addressed by Mr. Dinallo ’ s commentary ) located its controversial derivatives dealer ( AIG Financial Products ) in London and conducted its “ regulatory CDS ” transactions through a French bank ( Banque AIG ) because of the bank regulatory capital provision that banks ( not AAA rated parties ) received a reduced credit risk “ weighting ” for their obligations, including CDS, owed to other banks.

To accomplish this “ comprehensive regulation ”, the proposed legislation would repeal many of the provisions of the CFMA, including all of the exclusions and exemptions discussed in Sections 4 above that have been identified as the “ Enron Loophole .” While the proposed legislation would generally retain the “ legal certainty ” provisions of the CFMA, it would establish new requirements for parties dealing in non -“ standardized ” OTC derivatives and would require that “ standardized ” OTC derivatives be traded through a regulated trading facility and cleared through regulated central clearing.