* c. 500 BC: The earliest reference to Pachisi in the Mahabharata, the Indian epic.

* c. 600 The earliest references to chaturanga written in Subandhu's Vasavadatta and Banabhatta's Harsha Charitha early Indian books.

Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni ( 973 – 1048 CE ) was one of the earliest Muslim geologists, whose works included the earliest writings on the geology of India, hypothesizing that the Indian subcontinent was once a sea.

The earliest known example of galvanizing of iron was found on 17th century Indian armor in the Royal Armouries Museum collection.

The earliest record of the name " Afghan " (" Abgân ") being mentioned is by Shapur I of the Sassanid Empire during the 3rd century CE which is later recorded in the form of " Avagānā " by the Indian astronomer Varāha Mihira in his 6th century CE Brihat-samhita.

The earliest known Indian paintings ( see section below ) were the rock paintings of prehistoric times, the petroglyphs as found in places like the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka, ( see above ) and some of them are older than 5500 BC.

The world's earliest civilizations in Mesopotamia ( beginning with Sumer ), ancient Egypt, and the Indian subcontinent ( beginning with the Indus Valley civilization ), which began along the valleys of the Tigris-Euphrates, Nile and Indus rivers respectively, all developed around the Indian Ocean.

The earliest known maritime trade between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley ( c. 2500 BC ) was conducted along the Indian Ocean.

The Indian surgeon Sushruta described numerous surgical operations, including the earliest forms of plastic surgery.

Some of the earliest recorded speculations linked mind ( sometimes described as identical with soul or spirit ) to theories concerning both life after death, and cosmological and natural order, for example in the doctrines of Zoroaster, the Buddha, Plato, Aristotle, and other ancient Greek, Indian and, later, Islamic and medieval European philosophers.

An emphasis on oral transmission as more important than the printed word derives from the earliest period of Indian Buddhism, when it allowed teachings to be kept from those who should not hear them.

* The earliest references to chess are found in the Persian work Karnamak-i-Artakhshatr-i-Papakan, and the Indian works of Subandhu's Vasavadatta and Banabhatta's Harsha Charitha.

* March 1 – John Haggin, " Indian fighter " and one of the earliest settlers of Kentucky ( b. 1753 )

** John Haggin, " Indian fighter " and one of the earliest settlers of Kentucky ( d. 1825 )

The earliest population of Southeast Asia was animist before Hinduism and Buddhism were exported from the Indian subcontinent.

The Indian subcontinent is believed to have some of the earliest aqueducts.

The earliest explicit depictions of a triangle of binomial coefficients occur in the 10th century in commentaries on the Chandas Shastra, an Ancient Indian book on Sanskrit prosody written by Pingala in or before the 2nd century BC.

One of the earliest were the Indian Famine Codes devised by the British in the 1880s.

French Guiana was first settled by the French in 1604, although its earliest settlements were abandoned in the face of American Indian hostility and tropical diseases.

It played a central role in King Philip's War, one of the earliest of the Indian Wars.

The earliest evidence of the group is from Vedic Sanskrit, the language used in the ancient preserved texts of the Indian subcontinent, the foundational canon of Hinduism known as the Vedas.

The earliest evidence for human sacrifice in the Indian subcontinent dates back to the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilization.

His book represents the earliest known writing about the magnetic compass, movable type printing, experimentation with the camera obscura only decades after Ibn al-Haytham, and includes many different fields of study in essay and encyclopedic form, including geology, astronomy, botany, zoology, mineralogy, anatomy, pharmacology, geography, optics, economics, military strategy, philosophy, etc.

* The earliest sundials known from the archaeological record are the obelisks ancient Egyptian astronomy and Babylonian astronomy

The earliest work on radio astronomy was conducted by Bell Labs engineer Karl Guthe Jansky in 1931 in Holmdel.

The earliest use of the word was in the context of astronomy calendars.

The sphericity of the Earth was established by Greek astronomy in the 3rd century BC, and the earliest terrestrial globe appeared from that period.

This was the first successful attempt at combining mathematical astronomy with physics, and the earliest attempt at applying the experimental method to astronomy and astrophysics.

At the Jodrell Bank Observatory of Manchester University, Hanbury Brown developed some of the earliest devices to be used in radio astronomy.

This was the earliest beginning of space gamma-ray astronomy.

** c. 5000 BC: Archaeoastronomical stone megalith in Nabta Playa, world's earliest known astronomy

Inscriptions in the pedestals read, " Atlanti uetustiss astronom magistro " (" Atlas the earliest teacher of astronomy ") and " Herculi uetustiss astronom discipulo " (" Hercules the earliest student of astronomy ").

This earliest dated entry of " November 30, 1836 " that is found in Cooke's journal is significant, in that the astronomy lecture was likely by Professor William Ritchie ( physicist ) himself of the London University.

The earliest experiments in millimeter-wave astronomy were performed at this site starting in the 1970s when a 2-element interferometer was constructed.

It includes a range of genres from the earliest astronomy and mythical cosmology contained in the Bible, mainly the Tanakh ( Hebrew Bible or " Old Testament "), to Jewish religious works like the Talmud and very technical works.

With the revival of Hellenistic astronomy which took place during the Islamic Golden Age, Jews were intimately connected, and the Almagest is said to have been translated by Sahal ibn Tabari as early as 800, while one of the earliest independent students of astronomy among the Arabs was Mashallah ibn Athari ( 754-873 ?).

The earliest to treatise of astronomy in Hebrew on a systematic plan was Abraham bar Ḥiyya, who wrote at Marseilles, about 1134.

The earliest known texts in a Turkic language are the Orkhon inscriptions, of which the earliest dates from around 720 AD and the latest from 735 AD ( Miller 1971: 3 ).

Some of the earliest historiographic texts ( ABC 19, 20 ) suggest he rebuilt the city of Babylon ( Bab-ilu ) in its new location near Akkad.

The Buddha of the earliest Buddhists texts describes Dharma ( in the sense of " truth ") as " beyond reasoning " or " transcending logic ", in the sense that reasoning is a subjectively introduced aspect of the way unenlightened humans perceive things, and the conceptual framework which underpins their cognitive process, rather than a feature of things as they really are.

" The Acts of the Scilitan Martyrs ", one of the earliest texts which offer evidence of the development of " the Bible ", indicates that the leader of the Scilitan Martyrs possessed a " capsa ", or container for scroll-form books ( volumen, pl.

The earliest surviving recordings of this are in the Ma Wang Dui texts and Huang Di Nei Jing.

The earliest Buddhist texts explain that the four primary material elements are the sensory qualities solidity, fluidity, temperature, and mobility ; their characterization as earth, water, fire, and air, respectively, is declared an abstraction — instead of concentrating on the fact of material existence, one observes how a physical thing is sensed, felt, perceived.

The book publisher Berkley in 1977 issued three volumes using the earliest published form of the texts from Weird Tales, but these failed to displace the edited versions.

The Classic of History, one of the Five Classics of Chinese classic texts is one of the earliest narratives of China.

The Spring and Autumn Annals, the official chronicle of the State of Lu covering the period from 722 BCE to 481 BCE, is among the earliest surviving Chinese historical texts to be arranged on annalistic principles.

Its origins are postulated from illustrated sermon texts ; the earliest recorded visual scheme was a now lost mural in the Saints Innocents Cemetery in Paris dating from 1424-25.

Another method specified by Chinese texts — the earliest dating to 1110 — specified the use of saponin ( from the beans of Gleditschia sinensis ) to extract hormones, but gypsum ( containing calcium sulfate ) was also known to have been used.

An exception is the 1789 publication Natural History of Selborne by Gilbert White ( 1720 – 1793 ), considered by some to be one of the earliest texts on ecology.

Eucharist: the Greek noun εὐχαριστία ( eucharistia ), meaning " thanksgiving ", is not used in the New Testament as a name for the rite ; however, the related verb is found in New Testament texts concerning the Last Supper, including the earliest:

The earliest references to the Euphrates come from cuneiform texts found in Shuruppak and pre-Sargonic Nippur in southern Iraq and date to the mid-3rd millennium BCE.

Amongst the earliest books to be printed were magical texts ; the nóminas were one example of this, consisting of prayers to the saints used as talismans.

To the west and south of the core territory lay the region known as Luwiya in the earliest Hittite texts.

The earliest Mahāyāna texts often use the term Mahāyāna as an epithet and synonym for Bodhisattvayāna, but the term Hīnayāna is comparatively rare in early texts, and is usually not found at all in the earliest translations.

The very earliest accounts of belief are contained in these texts, such as early Christian creeds and hymns, as well as accounts of the Passion, the empty tomb, and Resurrection appearances ; some of these are dated to the 30s or 40s CE, originating within the Jerusalem Church.

* Sliesthorp in the earliest Saxon and Frankish texts.

Though Chrétien ’ s account is the earliest and most influential of all Grail texts, it was in the work of Robert de Boron that the Grail truly became the " Holy Grail " and assumed the form most familiar to modern readers.