The axon initial segment ( AIS ) consists of a specialised complex of proteins which form part of the proximal axon of a neuron.

They include the 22 proteinogenic (" protein building ") amino acids which combine into peptide chains (" polypeptides ") to form the building blocks of a vast array of proteins.

They join together to form short polymer chains called peptides or longer chains called either polypeptides or proteins.

* Soluble AC ( sAC ) is not a transmembrane form and is not regulated by G proteins or forskolin, instead acts as a bicarbonate / pH sensor.

In peripheral cells and tissues adenylate cyclases appear to form molecular complexes with specific receptors and other signaling proteins in an isoform-specific manner.

The β sheet ( also β-pleated sheet ) is the second form of regular secondary structure in proteins, only somewhat less common than the alpha helix.

In some cases, proteins can form more rigid structures, such as the coagulation of albumen in egg whites.

The composition of the human body, by contrast, more closely follows the composition of seawater, save that the human body has additional stores of carbon and nitrogen which are necessary to form the proteins and nucleic acids that are characteristic of living organisms.

It contains most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes.

Through catabolism of sugars, fats, and proteins, a two carbon organic product acetate in the form of acetyl-CoA is produced.

Communal aggregation is the phenomenon of aggregation of the hydrophobic proteins to come closer and form the bonding between them, so as to reduce the total area exposed to water.

Initiator proteins recruit other proteins and form the pre-replication complex, which separate the DNA strands at the origin and forms a bubble.

For example, proteins dissolve better in water than in oil, and so tend to form oil-in-water emulsions ( that is, they promote the dispersion of oil droplets throughout a continuous phase of water ).

All polar molecules are transported across membranes by proteins that form transmembrane channels.

These G proteins are made from three subunits, with the G domain located on the largest one ( the α unit ); together with the two smaller subunits ( β and γ units ), they form a tightly associated protein complex.

The necessary contacts between an enzyme and its substrates ( proteins ) are created because the enzyme folds in such a way as to form a crevice into which the substrate fits ; the crevice also contains the catalytic groups.

Rz and Rz1 are membrane proteins that form a complex that somehow destroys the outer membrane, after the endolysin has degraded the cell wall.

Amino acids are natural monomers that polymerize at ribosomes to form proteins.

Other proteins implicated in scaffolding likewise have functions independent of structural tethering at the MAM ; for example, ER-resident and mitochondrial-resident mitofusins form heterocomplexes that regulate the number of inter-organelle contact sites, although mitofusins were first identified for their role in fission and fusion events between individual mitochondria.

For example, during gastrulation, clumps of stem cells switch off their cell-to-cell adhesion, become migratory, and take up new positions within an embryo where they again activate specific cell adhesion proteins and form new tissues and organs.

The γ-tubulin combines with several other associated proteins to form a circular structure known as the " γ-tubulin ring complex " ( γ-TuRC ).

In the classical export scheme, proteins with an nuclear export sequence ( NES ) can bind in the nucleus to form a heterotrimeric complex with an exportin and RanGTP ( for example the exportin CRM1 ).

When a prion enters a healthy organism, it induces existing, properly folded proteins to convert into the disease-associated, prion form ; the prion acts as a template to guide the misfolding of more proteins into prion form.

The generic structure of an alpha amino acid in its unionized form

When amino acids combine, they form a special bond called a peptide bond through dehydration synthesis, and become a polypeptide, or protein.

Generic amino acids ( 1 ) in neutral form, ( 2 ) as they exist physiologically, and ( 3 ) joined together as a dipeptide.

A sequence of codons results in a corresponding sequence of amino acids that form a protein.

In cell biology, diffusion is a main form of transport for necessary materials such as amino acids within cells.

In the adenoviruses and the φ29 family of bacteriophages, the 3 ' OH group is provided by the side chain of an amino acid of the genome attached protein ( the terminal protein ) to which nucleotides are added by the DNA polymerase to form a new strand.

These bacteria-like cytoplasmic structures strip hydrogen from fuels ( glucose, fats and some amino acids ) to burn with oxygen to form water.

Most of the amino acids in hemoglobin form alpha helixes, connected by short non-helical segments.

It converts some of the niacin ( and possibly other B vitamins ) into a form more absorbable by the body, improves the availability of the amino acids, and ( at least in the lime-treated variant ) supplements the calcium content, balancing maize's comparative excess of phosphorus.

The amino acids form darkened compounds called melanoidins, during a Maillard reaction.

The formaldehyde, ammonia, and HCN then react by Strecker synthesis to form amino acids and other biomolecules:

However, Bada noted that in current models of early Earth conditions, carbon dioxide and nitrogen ( N < sub > 2 </ sub >) create nitrites, which destroy amino acids as fast as they form.

Sulfur is not consumed alone, but in the form of sulfur-containing amino acids

Dihydrobiopterin Reductase activity is to replenish quinonoid-Dihydrobiopterin back into its Tetrahydrobiopterin form, which is an important cofactor in many metabolic reactions in amino acid metabolism.

Resonance ( chemistry ) | Resonance structures of the peptide bond that links individual amino acids to form a protein polymer

However, additional molecular interactions may render the amide form less stable ; the amino group is expelled instead, resulting in an ester ( Ser / Thr ) or thioester ( Cys ) bond in place of the peptide bond.

The carbon skeletons produced by photosynthesis are then variously used to form other organic compounds, such as the building material cellulose, as precursors for lipid and amino acid biosynthesis, or as a fuel in cellular respiration.

The ribosome latches onto the end of an mRNA molecule and moves along it, capturing loaded tRNA molecules and joining together their amino acids to form a new protein chain.

This uses an mRNA sequence as a template to guide the synthesis of a chain of amino acids that form a protein.

They were able to form protein-like chains from a mixture of 18 common amino acids at only 70 ° C in the presence of phosphoric acid, and dubbed these protein-like chains proteinoids.

This process uses transfer RNA ( tRNA ) molecules to deliver amino acids to the ribosome, where ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) links amino acids together to form proteins.

Codons that can form hidden stops are used in genomes more frequently used compared to synonymous codons that would otherwise code for the same amino acid.