In the history of cryptography, codes were once common for ensuring the confidentiality of communications, although ciphers are now used instead.

Algorithms used earlier in the history of cryptography are substantially different from modern methods, and modern ciphers can be classified according to how they operate and whether they use one or two keys.

Even though the goal has been the same, the methods and techniques of cryptanalysis have changed drastically through the history of cryptography, adapting to increasing cryptographic complexity, ranging from the pen-and-paper methods of the past, through machines like Bombes and Colossus computers at Bletchley Park in World War II, to the mathematically advanced computerized schemes of the present.

Stephenson explores subjects such as mathematics, cryptography, philosophy, currency, and the history of science.

During the early history of cryptography, two parties would rely upon a key using a secure, but non-cryptographic, method.

In the history of cryptography, 97-shiki ōbun inji-ki ( 九七式欧文印字機 ) (" System 97 Printing Machine for European Characters ") or Angōki Taipu-B ( 暗号機 タイプB ) (" Type B Cipher Machine "), codenamed Purple by the United States, was a diplomatic cryptographic machine used by the Japanese Foreign Office just before and during World War II.

The history of cryptography provides evidence that it can be difficult to keep the details of a widely used algorithm secret ( see security through obscurity ).

In the history of cryptography, the ECM Mark II was a cipher machine used by the United States for message encryption from World War II until the 1950s.

The history of cryptography begins thousands of years ago and contains a variety of different types of encryption.

Financial cryptography is distinguished from traditional cryptography in that for most of recorded history, cryptography has been used almost entirely for military and diplomatic purposes.

His written works include Fermat's Last Theorem ( in the United States titled Fermat's Enigma: The Epic Quest to Solve the World's Greatest Mathematical Problem ), The Code Book ( about cryptography and its history ), Big Bang ( about the Big Bang theory and the origins of the universe ) and Trick or Treatment?

As well as explaining the science of codes and describing the impact of cryptography on history, the book also contends that cryptography is more important today than ever before.

* Kahn, David – The Codebreakers ( ISBN 0-684-83130-9 ) A single-volume source for cryptographic history, at least for events up to the mid -' 60s ( i. e., to just before DES and the public release of asymmetric key cryptography ).

Kahn has written other books and articles on cryptography, and on cryptographic history.

* Singh, Simon, The Code Book ( ISBN 1-85702-889-9 ): an anecdotal introduction to the history of cryptography.

It is both a history of cryptography, and a discussion of mathematical topics related to cryptography.

* Budiansky, Stephen, Battle of Wits: a one-volume history of cryptography in WW II.

The Codebreakers – The Story of Secret Writing ( ISBN 0-684-83130-9 ) is a book by David Kahn, published in 1967 comprehensively chronicling the history of cryptography from ancient Egypt to the time of its writing.

It is widely regarded as the best account of the history of cryptography up to its publication.

The book was republished in 1996, and this new edition includes an additional chapter briefly covering the events since the original publication ; see the " Books on cryptography " article for other works which cover this later history in more detail.

The " Dead Parrot Sketch ", alternatively and originally known as the " Pet Shop Sketch " or " Parrot Sketch ", is a popular sketch or one act from Monty Python's Flying Circus, and one of the most famous in the history of British television comedy.

As concerns possible expansions of Polish territory, in history Polish politicians traditionally could be sub-divided into two opposite groups advocating contrary approaches: restoration of Poland based on its former western territories one side and, alternatively, restoration of Poland based on its previous holdings in the east on the other.

The VRS surrounded it ( alternatively, the Serb forces situated themselves in the areas surrounding Sarajevo the so-called Ring around Sarajevo ), deploying troops and artillery in the surrounding hills in what would become the longest siege in the history of modern warfare lasting nearly 4 years.

* Hua Rong Dao ( alternatively named Hua Rong Path, Chinese name: 華容道 ) is the Chinese variation, featuring an old legendary during Battle of Red Cliffs in the 3th year of Jian An in the East Han Dynasty 208AD — a well-known battle in Chinese history.

Under the theory and practice of risk-based pricing, the interest rate of the loan should reflect the risk of the borrower to avoid subsidizing those who default at the expense of those who always pay on time ( or alternatively, to allow loans to be given to a broader range of customers, with a broad range of credit history ).

Lewis has had prostate cancer, Type 1 diabetes, pulmonary fibrosis, and a decades long history of heart disease.

* José Ferreirós, José Ferreirós Domínguez, Labyrinth of thought: a history of set theory and its role in modern mathematics, Edition 2, Springer, 2007, ISBN 3-7643-8349-6, chapter X " Logic and Type Theory in the Interwar Period "

The Type 166 is the most numerous mass-produced amphibious car in history.

Takeda discovered the hull of a Type 4 Kaiten under one of the buildings in August 1989, an attestation to the history of the site.

* Type I: These cancers occur most commonly in pre-and peri-menopausal women, often with a history of unopposed estrogen exposure and / or endometrial hyperplasia.

* http :// home. luna. nl /~ wil. borst / For the history and explanation of the Irish Type standard.

First of all Freyer tries to underline that “ first basic considerations ” about “ Ideal Type ” were formulated from Weber for the adaption of historical types, considering that in the history “ the cognition of appropriate connections and typical regulators – are just means, and not the aim of perfectly typical creation of conceptions ”.

Although by the Freyer ’ s interpretation of Weber, the “ Ideal Type ” that projects sociology, must be as “ pure ” as possible in contrast to “ Ideal Type ” in the history, which presents a quite complexable conceivable formation because of its orientation towards the understanding of single historical appearance.

In 2003, for the first time in its history, NSA approved two published algorithms, Skipjack and AES for Type 1 use in NSA approved systems.

From 1939 through the end of World War II, the Maritime Commission funded and administered the largest and most successful merchant shipbuilding effort in world history, producing thousands of ships, including Liberty ships, Victory ships, and others, notably Type C1, Type C2, Type C3 freighters and T2 tankers.

As that history implies, CCL was written for the Macintosh, but Clozure CL now runs on Mac OS X, FreeBSD, Linux, Solaris and Windows.

Because of its controversial themes, the film was released with an X rating and would make history by being the only X-rated feature to win Best Picture at the Academy Awards.

This little work, in fifty chapters, gives a sketch of cosmography, geography, mythology ( Chapters I-X ), and history ( Chapters X to end ).

The term " X-Windows " ( in the manner of " Microsoft Windows ") is not officially endorsed, though it has been in common use since early in the history of X and has been used deliberately for provocative effect, for example in the UNIX-HATERS Handbook.

As Claire Raines points out in ‘ Beyond Generation X ’, “ never before in history had youth been so idealized as they were at this moment .” When Generation X came along it had much to live up to and to some degree in the shadow of the Boomers, sometimes compared and / or criticized (‘ spoiled ’, ‘ whiners ’ and ‘ the doom generation ’) than not.

( See the history of the X Window System ).

He is the only wrestler in history to have held the TNA X Division Championship, the WCW Cruiserweight Championship, and the WWE Light Heavyweight Championship.

The identity of the real informant, known in history as " Mr. X.

Also during the 80s, Japanese metal and rock bands gave birth to the movement known as visual kei, represented during its history by bands like X Japan, Buck-Tick, Luna Sea, Malice Mizer and many others, some of which experienced national, and international success in the latest years.

Some derive from English history, such as the chronicle of Mary Douglas, niece to King Henry VIII of England ( part 3, story 44 ) and Henry VIII's six wives ( part 3, story 45 ), some from Spanish history, such as Alfonso X ( part 4, story 10 ).

Dr. Sweeney tells Danny that he will no longer attend Murray's class, instead being taught history by himself, a class they will call " American History X ".

She possibly had more banned songs than any other artist in the history of country music, including " Rated " X "," about the double standards divorced women face, " Wings Upon Your Horns ," about the loss of teenage virginity, and " The Pill ", lyrics by T. D.

This prose Shahnameh was in turn and for the most part the translation of a Pahlavi ( Middle Persian ) work, known as the X < sup > v </ sup > atāynamāk (" Book of Kings "), a late Sassanid compilation of the history of the kings and heroes of Persia from mythical times down to the reign of Khosrau II ( 590 – 628 ).

Oxford University Press US, 1997. http :// books. google. ca / books? id = wqym0cOd33MC & pg = PA13 & lpg = PA13 & dq = Book + of + Rites +( Li + Ji ).+ history & source = web & ots = EEulDS4e1J & sig = gRNI0ZpCtLfEundiTkJ5lbO-dOA & hl = en & sa = X & oi = book_result & resnum = 8 & ct = result # PPA11, M1

** Bucky Lasek scored a 98. 50 in skateboard vert, the highest in X Games history.

** Taïg Khris won the inline vert event, with the first double backflip in X Games history.

** Mike Metzger landed the first back flip in motorcross freestyle X Games history over an 80 foot gap.

** Cam Sinclair made what some call the greatest comeback in action sports history, winning his first X Games gold medal in best trick by pulling a double backflip, the trick that bit him hard in Red Bull X Fighters only 8 months befors, leaving him in a coma for seven days, and having him retrain his body, learning how to walk and, eventually, to ride again.

** Garrett Reynolds 5-peats in BMX street, the only competitor to win BMX street in its 5 year history at X Games.

** Shaun White became the first to win 4 peat in the super pipe in X games history.