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polytonic and orthography
Where the first element was long, the iota was lost in pronunciation at an early date, and was written in polytonic orthography as iota subscript, in other words as a very small ι under the main vowel, for instance.
Contemporary Greek literature is usually ( but not exclusively ) written in polytonic orthography, though the monotonic orthography was made official in 1981 by Andreas Papandreou.
The classical, medieval, and early modern polytonic orthography contained a number of archaisms inherited from Ancient Greek, which have been dispensed with or simplified in the modern monotonic orthography.
The name of the letter is written in Ancient Greek and traditional Modern Greek polytonic orthography, while in Modern Greek it is written.
The acute accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it indicated a syllable with a high pitch.
The circumflex has its origins in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it marked long vowels that were pronounced with high and then falling pitch.
In the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, the rough breathing ( or daseîa: modern Greek δασεία dasía ; Latin spīritus asper ), is a diacritical mark used to indicate the presence of an sound before a vowel, diphthong, or rho.
It remained in the polytonic orthography even after the Hellenistic period, when the sound disappeared from the Greek language.
However, in the polytonic orthography used for Greek prior to 1982, accents were omitted in all-uppercase words, but kept as part of an uppercase initial ( written before rather than above the letter ).
The smooth breathing (; Modern Greek: psilí ; ) is a diacritical mark used in polytonic orthography.
The smooth breathing was kept in the traditional polytonic orthography even after the sound had disappeared from the language in Hellenistic times.
In polytonic orthography a rho at the beginning of a word is written with a rough breathing ( equivalent to h ) — rh — and a double rho within a word is written with a smooth breathing over the first rho and a rough breathing over the second — rrh — apparently reflecting an aspirated or voiceless pronunciation in Ancient Greek, hence the various Greek-derived English words which start with rh or contain rrh.
In traditional (" polytonic ") Greek orthography, vowel letters can be combined with several diacritics, including accent marks, so-called " breathing " marks, and the iota subscript.

polytonic and Greek
* accent marks ( thus called because the acute, the grave and the circumflex accent were originally used to indicate different types of pitch accents, in the polytonic transcription of Greek )
It is usually rendered as Hebrew in English, from the ancient Greek </ noinclude >< span lang =" grc " lang =" grc " class =" polytonic " style =" font-family :' Palatino Linotype ';"> Ἑβραῖος </ span > and Latin Hebraeus.
The name of the letter is written in Greek as ( polytonic ) or ρω / ρο ( monotonic ).
* UTF-8 publishing and support for many languages, including English, French, Italian, German, Czech, Japanese, Estonian, Latvian, Dutch, Norwegian, Danish, Portuguese, Catalan, Polish, Slovenian, Indonesian, Swedish, Icelandic, Russian, and Greek ( including support for polytonic ).
The original release of Gentium defined roughly 1, 500 glyphs covering almost all of the range of Latin characters used worldwide, as well as monotonic and polytonic Greek, designed to flow in harmony with the Latin.
It is not capable of supporting the older polytonic Greek.

polytonic and with
The work was written in scriptio continua with neither breathings nor polytonic accents.

polytonic and .
Alexius is the Latinized form of the given name Alexios (, polytonic, " defender ", cf.
In the 20th century, it was increasingly adopted just for official and formal purposes, until Dimotiki became the official language of Greece in 1976 and Andreas Papandreou abolished the polytonic system of writing in 1981.
In 1976, Dimotiki was made the official language, and in 1981 Andreas Papandreou abolished the polytonic system of writing ; by the end of the 20th century full Katharevousa in its earlier form had become obsolete.
Amykles (, older form, polytonic:, monotonic: Αμύκλαι ; Latin: Amyclae ) is a village and an archaeological site located southwest of Sparta.
" XPA " and " XPA2 " are ENIGMA-2000 designations for polytonic tranismissions, reportedly originating from Russian Intelligence and Foreign Ministry stations.

orthography and Greek
When Greek orthography was codified by grammarians in the Hellenistic era, they used a diacritic symbol derived from this half-H shape to signal the presence of / h /, and added as its counterpart a reverse-shaped diacritic to denote absence of / h /.
These symbols were the origin of the rough breathing and smooth breathing diacritics that became part of classical Greek orthography.
With this new vocabulary, additional vocabulary borrowed from Latin ( with Greek, another approximately one-third of Modern English vocabulary, though some borrowings from Latin and Greek date from later periods ), a simplified grammar, and use of the orthographic conventions of French instead of Old English orthography, the language became Middle English ( the language of Chaucer ).
This is because the pronunciation of the combination of Greek letters αυ has changed from ancient to modern times from one of to either or, depending on what follows ( see Greek orthography ).
In orthographic use, the intent is to reproduce Greek orthography closely: there is a one to one mapping between Greek and Latin letters, and digraphs are avoided, with occasional use of punctuation or numerals resembling Greek letters rather than Latin digraphs.
In phonetic use, there is no concern to reproduce Greek orthography, and the Greeklish is a phonetic transcription ( usually with English phonetic norms, sometimes with other languages ' like German ) of Greek words --- although often there is a mixture of the two.
* Greek orthography

orthography and like
English orthography, like other alphabetic orthographies, exhibits a set of relationships between speech sounds and the corresponding written words.
In the orthography for Elfdalian, the ð represents a voiced dental fricative like th in English " them ", and it follows d in the alphabet.
Lowland Scots orthography, like Scottish Gaelic and Irish, represents with ch, so the word was borrowed with identical spelling.
But it is not so: it is, rather, like the case of orthography, which deals with the word " orthography " among others without then being second-order.
Spelling reforms have been proposed for various languages over the years ; these have ranged from modest attempts to eliminate particular irregularities ( such as SR1 or Initial Teaching Alphabet ) through more far-reaching reforms ( such as Cut Spelling ) to attempts to introduce a full phonemic orthography, like the Shavian alphabet or its revised version, Quikscript, the latest DevaGreek alphabet, the Latinization of Turkish or hangul in Korea.
( Incidentally, in transcriptions, the Finnish orthography has to employ complicated notations like mettšä or even the mettshä to express Karelian meččä.
Since a trailing-ss does not occur in the traditional orthography ( being replaced by " ß ") the-ss at the end of words like dass and muss is now the only quick and sure sign ( unless the text is of Swiss origin ) to indicate that the reformed spelling has been used ( at least partly ).
A newer system of orthography for Burmese ( one based on phonology ) has been proposed to accommodate such differences, but an obstacle in reforming Burmese orthography lies in the existence of conservative Burmese dialects that retain older pronunciations more similar to formal Burmese, which primarily come from coastal areas like Rakhine State.
Oromo has another glottalized phone that is more unusual, an implosive retroflex stop, " dh " in Oromo orthography, a sound that is like an English " d " produced with the tongue curled back slightly and with the air drawn in so that a glottal stop is heard before the following vowel begins.
Another terminology is that of deep and shallow orthographies, where the depth of an orthography is the degree to which it diverges from being truly phonemic ( this concept can also be applied to non-alphabetic writing systems like syllabaries ).
An example of such a deficiency in English orthography is the lack of distinction between the voiced and voiceless " th " phonemes, occurring in words like then and thin respectively ( both have to be written th ).
In some language orthographies, like that of Croatian ( lj, nj, dž ), traditional Spanish ( ch, ll, rr ) or Czech ( ch ), digraphs are considered individual letters, meaning that they have their own place in the alphabet, in the standard orthography, and cannot be separated into their constituent graphemes ; e. g.: when sorting, abbreviating or hyphenating.
These conventions ( which originally reflected pronunciation ) have carried over into English and other languages with historical orthography ( like French ).
Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb ( March 25, 1819 – April 4, 1909 ) was a Faroese Lutheran minister who established the modern orthography of Faroese, the language of the Faroe Islands based on the Icelandic language, which like Faroese derives from Old Norse.
While the user had to make a conversion of writing into pronunciation, somewhat akin to English, this allowed for more similar orthography between Turkic languages, because words looked more similar even when vowels vary, such as in cases of variations like ö to ü, o to u, or e to i.
He paid special attention to orthography, and sought to differentiate the meanings of grammatical cases of like ending by distinctive marks: the apex to indicate a long vowel was once incorrectly attributed to him, but has now been proven to be older.
# Language Reform – deliberate change in specific aspects of language, like orthography, spelling, or grammar, in order to facilitate use
Another word that conforms to Hungarian orthography: legeslegtöredezettségmentesíthetetlenebbeskedéseitekért can be translated to something like " because of your highest unfragmentationability factor ".
All of the letters of the Spanish alphabet are represented except for the letters " I " ( in the Spanish orthography of the time " Y " was used instead of an initial " I "), " K " and " W " ( there are no Spanish surnames starting with these letters ) and " X " ( due to a consonant shift, earlier surnames like Ximénez were spelled Jiménez, with a J, by that time.
He used it analogously to High German ( Hochdeutsch ), pointing out that Ivar Aasen, the creator of Nynorsk orthography, had especially valued the dialects of the mountainous areas of middle and western Norway, as opposed to the dialects of the lowlands of eastern Norway, which Hannaas called flatnorsk ( Flat Norwegian, like Plattdeutsch ).

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