Writers of this class of science fiction have clearly in mind the assumptions that man can master the principles of this cause-and-effect universe and that such mastery will necessarily better the human lot.

On the other hand, the bright vision of the future has been directly stated in science fiction concerned with projecting ideal societies -- science fiction, of course, is related, if sometimes distantly, to that utopian literature optimistic about science, literature whose period of greatest vigor in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries produced Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward and H. G. Wells's A Modern Utopia.

In Arthur Clarke's Childhood's End ( 1953 ), though written after the present flood of dystopias began, we can see the bright vision of science fiction clearly defined.

Considering then the optimism which has permeated science fiction for so long, what is really remarkable is that during the last twelve years many science-fiction writers have turned about and attacked their own cherished vision of the future, have attacked the Childhood's End kind of faith that science and technology will inevitably better the human condition.

Because of the means of publication -- science-fiction magazines and cheap paperbacks -- and because dystopian science fiction is still appearing in quantity the full range and extent of this phenomenon can hardly be known, though one fact is evident: the science-fiction imagination has been immensely fertile in its extrapolations.

There is, of course, nothing new about dystopias, for they belong to a literary tradition which, including also the closely related satiric utopias, stretches from at least as far back as the eighteenth century and Swift's Gulliver's Travels to the twentieth century and Zamiatin's We, Capek's War With The Newts, Huxley's Brave New World, E. M. Forster's `` The Machine Stops '', C. S. Lewis's That Hideous Strength, and Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, and which in science fiction is represented before the present deluge as early as Wells's trilogy, The Time Machine, `` A Story Of The Days To Come '', and When The Sleeper Wakes, and as recently as Jack Williamson's `` With Folded Hands '' ( 1947 ), the classic story of men replaced by their own robots.

Not all recent science fiction, however, is dystopian, for the optimistic strain is still very much alive in Mission Of Gravity and Childhood's End, as we have seen, as well as in many other recent popular novels and stories like Fred Hoyle's The Black Cloud ( 1957 ) ; ;

and among works of dystopian science fiction, not all provide intelligent criticism and very few have much merit as literature -- but then real quality has always been scarce in science fiction.

`` The human ego being what it is '', I put in, `` science fiction has always assumed that the creatures on the planets of a thousand larger solar systems than ours must look like gigantic tube-nosed fruit bats.

It is not through space nor time that the time machine most approved by science fiction must travel for a visit to the permanent prehistoric past, or the ever-existent past-fantasy future.

Significantly, Huxley also worked for a time in the 1920s at the technologically advanced Brunner and Mond chemical plant in Billingham, Teesside, and the most recent introduction to his famous science fiction novel Brave New World ( 1932 ) states that this experience of " an ordered universe in a world of planless incoherence " was one source for the novel.

Until recently, androids have largely remained within the domain of science fiction, frequently seen in film and television.

The term " droid ", coined by George Lucas for the original Star Wars film and now used widely within science fiction, originated as an abridgment of " android ", but has been used by Lucas and others to mean any robot, including distinctly non-human form machines like R2-D2.

" The term made an impact into English pulp science fiction starting from Jack Williamson's The Cometeers ( 1936 ) and the distinction between mechanical robots and fleshy androids was popularized by Edmond Hamilton's Captain Future ( 1940 – 1944 ).

For example, Heinlein was the " dean of science fiction writers " because he was " the scientist " of science fiction.

Robert Silverberg said that Donald Wollheim was " one of the most significant figures in 20th century American science fiction publishing ", adding, " A plausible case could be made that he was the most significant figure — responsible in large measure for the development of the science fiction paperback, the science fiction anthology, and the whole post-Tolkien boom in fantasy fiction.

Wollheim edited the first science fiction anthology to be mass-marketed, The Pocket Book of Science Fiction ( 1943 ).

Unlike many fictional universes, the component tales of Known Space were largely released as short stories or serials in various science fiction anthology magazines.

Merril later popularized this fiction in the United States through her edited anthology England Swings SF: Stories of Speculative Fiction ( Doubleday 1968 ), although an earlier anthology ( Harlan Ellison's Dangerous Visions 1967 ) has also come to be referred to as a key work of New Wave science fiction.

The first science fiction show for adults, was also its first fully science fictional anthology Tales of Tomorrow by ABC on August 3, 1951 lasting until 1953, as there were already similar shows for children.

The anthology series format popularized by Rod Serling rarely appeared in science fiction television after the 1980s, though aspects of this were used in both The X-Files and the 1990s reincarnation of The Outer Limits.

Le Guin's story was originally published in New Dimensions 3, a hard-cover science fiction anthology edited by Robert Silverberg, in October 1973.

A science fiction anthology later had the same title.

New Zealander Bruce Stewart, who had adapted various science fiction short stories for the anthology series Out of this World ( 1962 ) and Out of the Unknown ( 1965 – 71 ), was tasked with developing Boswell's outline into scripts.

Nanotech is a 1998 anthology of science fiction short-stories revolving around nanotechnology and its effects.

The Robert Heinlein Omnibus is an anthology of science fiction short stories by Robert A. Heinlein published in 1958.

Asimov read this story at the age of 11, and acknowledged it as a source of inspiration in Before the Golden Age ( 1975 ), an anthology of 1930s science fiction in which Asimov told the story of the science fiction he read during his formative years.

Towards the end of his life, in 1985, he worked briefly for Eclipse Comics including on the science fiction anthology Alien Encounters.

Out of the Unknown is a British television science fiction anthology drama series, produced by the BBC and broadcast on BBC2 in four series between 1965 and 1971.

Rodman Edward " Rod " Serling ( December 25, 1924 – June 28, 1975 ) was an American screenwriter, novelist, television producer, and narrator best known for his live television dramas of the 1950s and his science fiction anthology TV series, The Twilight Zone.

" Faith of Our Fathers " is a science fiction short story by Philip K. Dick, first published in the anthology Dangerous Visions ( 1967 ).

It appeared in Dangerous Visions, the famous New Wave science fiction anthology compiled by Harlan Ellison, in 1967, and won the Hugo Award for best novella in 1968, jointly with Weyr Search by Anne McCaffrey.

The film is an anthology of various science fiction and fantasy stories adapted from Heavy Metal magazine and original stories in the same spirit.

It had a tremendous effect on me ...." A roommate from 1930 provided him with " bound volumes of tear-sheets of early weirds, fantastics and ' scientifictions ' from the old Argosy, All-Story and others ...." He sent a proposal for his first science fiction anthology to Crown Publishers in 1944, and the book was issued in 1946, several months ahead of the other great sf anthology of that year, Adventures in Time and Space edited by Raymond J. Healy and J. Francis McComas.

The science operations activities directly serve the astronomy community, primarily in the form of HST ( and eventually JWST ) observations and grants, but also include distributing data from other NASA missions ( e. g., Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer, Galaxy Evolution Explorer ) and ground-based sky surveys.

In addition to archiving and storing HST science data, STScI holds data from 13 other missions including the International Ultraviolet Explorer ( IUE ), the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer ( EUVE ), the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer ( FUSE ), and the Galaxy Evolution Explorer ( GALEX ).

In the episode " Far Beyond the Stars ", Sisko considers resigning his commission after losing an old friend during the Dominion War and the Prophets intervene, making Sisko briefly live the life of Benny Russell, a science fiction short story writer in 1950s America.

* Some episodes of the later series from the fictional Star Trek universe use the holodeck ( or its Ferengi equivalent, a " holosuite ") to tell a " story-within-a-story ", while the Deep Space Nine episode Far Beyond the Stars tells a similar story without such a high-tech plot device, as basically a work of metafiction, using the DS9 regular characters to tell a mid-20th century story, set in a science fiction publishing house in New York City.

* Far and Away ; Eleven Fantasy and SF Stories ( 1955 ) ( fantasy and science fiction )

* Doppelgänger ( 1969 film ) or Journey to the Far Side of the Sun, a science fiction film produced by Gerry Anderson

They had also made one live-action science fiction movie, Doppelgänger, also known as Journey To The Far Side Of The Sun, and now felt ready to move into live-action television and aim at a more adult market.

Last and First Men: A Story of the Near and Far Future is a " future history " science fiction novel written in 1930 by the British author Olaf Stapledon.

* Far pointer, in computer science

All of the union's republics except the RSFSR had their own republican academies of science, while the Urals, Siberian, and Far Eastern regional branches of the academy coordinated fundamental science in Eastern Russia.

Far Rainbow (, ) is a 1963 science fiction novel by Boris and Arkady Strugatsky set in the Noon Universe.

* In the science fiction anthology Far Boundaries ( 1951 ), the editor August Derleth identifies the short story Missing One's Coach: An Anachronism, written for the Dublin University Magazine by an anonymous author in 1838, as a very early time travel story.