In classical Greece, Anaxagoras asserted that a divine reason ( mind ) gave order to the seeds of the universe, and Plato extended the Greek belief of ideal forms to his metaphysical theory of forms ( ideai: ideas ).

As an alternative ethical theory, Lewis offered a form of divine command theory which equated God with goodness and treated goodness as an essential part of reality, thus asserting God's existence.

The divine right of kings, or divine-right theory of kingship, is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy.

With the rise of nation-states and the Protestant Reformation, the theory of divine right justified the king's absolute authority in both political and spiritual matters.

The theory of divine right was abandoned in England during the Glorious Revolution of 1688 – 89.

The divine right of kings, or divine-right theory of kingship, is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy.

His definition is based on the presence in the esoteric currents of four essential characteristics: a theory of correspondences between all parts of the invisible and the visible cosmos, the conviction that nature is a living entity owing to a divine presence or life-force, the need for mediating elements ( such as symbols, rituals, angels, visions ) in order to access spiritual knowledge, and, fourthly, an experience of personal and spiritual transmutation when arriving at this knowledge.

While Buddhism does give a similar and to some extent a matching account for Gautama Buddha, Hinduism maintains a totally different theory where " divine grace " is needed for emancipation.

**** Divine command theory holds that for a thing to be right is for a unique being, God, to approve of it, and that what is right for non-God beings is obedience to the divine will.

Moore's arguments may rule out attempts to define ' goodness ' in such obviously naturalistic terms as ' happiness ' while at the same time do not preclude similar attempts to define the good in terms of God's will — in other words, divine command theory.

The theory of the divine right of kings became a passing fancy, exposed to the type of ridicule with which John Locke treated it.

Like Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes, well known for his theory of the social contract, believed that a strong central power, such as a monarchy, was necessary to rule the innate selfishness of the individual but neither of them believed in the divine right of kings.

Traces of such a theory appear to underline various myths of a hero ( such as Heracles ) with both a human and a divine father.

India, China, Russia, Afghanistan, parts of Africa, Europe, America-all had prophets according to the theory of divine guidance taught by the Holy Quran.

The divine right theory, combined with primogeniture, became a theory of hereditary monarchy in the nation states of the early modern period.

He attempts a number of refutations, including one that arguably foreshadows Darwin's theory, and makes the point that if God resembles a human designer, then assuming divine characteristics such as omnipotence and omniscience is not justified.

Compared to pre-modern accounts of causality, laws of nature fill the role played by divine causality on the one hand, and accounts such as Plato's theory of forms on the other.

The social contract theory established by Epicureanism is based on mutual agreement, not divine decree.

Theories which claim that morality is derived from reasoning about implied imperatives ( universal prescriptivism ), the edicts of a god ( divine command theory ), or the hypothetical decrees of a perfectly rational being ( ideal observer theory ), are considered anti-realist in the robust sense used here, but are considered realist in the sense synonymous with moral universalism.

One theory holds that it means the " speaker within ", and goes back to before the recognition of divine persons.

And, this anti-imperialism extended also to the theory of missionary obligation that developed within the Dutch Reformed Church: the kingdom of God will grow within the sphere of influence assigned to the church by divine providence, as children are taught the Gospel by their parents and family.

Again the student of evolutionary biology will find a fascinating, if to our minds grotesque, anticipation of the theory of chance variations and the natural elimination of the unfit in Lucretius, who in turn seems to have borrowed the concept from the philosopher Empedocles.

Of course it had always been of European origin in fact, but it had maintained a universal outlook under the natural law theory.

In a properly ordered society the massive force of public law performs the function which in natural law theory ineptly is left altogether to a small voice so often still.

He is best known for independently proposing a theory of evolution due to natural selection that prompted Charles Darwin to publish his own theory.

Wallace was one of the leading evolutionary thinkers of the 19th century and made a number of other contributions to the development of evolutionary theory besides being co-discoverer of natural selection.

This account, supported by biologist E. O. Wilson and philosopher Michael Ruse, proposes that the human experience of morality is a by-product of natural selection, a theory philosopher Mark D. Linville calls evolutionary naturalism.

In 1929, Mojżesz Presburger showed that the theory of natural numbers with addition and equality ( now called Presburger arithmetic in his honor ) is decidable and gave an algorithm that could determine if a given sentence in the language was true or false.

In addition, a consistent formal theory that contains the first-order theory of the natural numbers

* " Anthropic Coincidence "— the anthropic controversy as a segue to Lee Smolin's theory of cosmological natural selection.

In number theory, an arithmetic, arithmetical, or number-theoretic function is a real or complex valued function ƒ ( n ) defined on the set of natural numbers ( i. e. positive integers ) that " expresses some arithmetical property of n ."

** Microevolution: species — speciation — adaptation — selection — natural selection — directional selection — sexual selection — genetic drift — sexual reproduction — asexual reproduction — colony — allele frequency — neutral theory of molecular evolution — population genetics — Hardy-Weinberg principle

In the sense of this article, a naive theory is a non-formalized theory, that is, a theory that uses a natural language to describe sets.

One of the oldest and most accessible parts of combinatorics is graph theory, which also has numerous natural connections to other areas.

Hegel, in his Elements of the Philosophy of Right ( 1820 ), gave it a philosophical justification that concurred with evolving contemporary political theory and the Protestant Christian view of natural law.

One of the earliest justifications involved the theory of natural law.

Functors and natural transformations (' naturality ') are the key concepts in category theory.

Historians trace the evolution of modern theory pertaining to the chemical elements, as well as chemical compounds and mixtures of natural substances to medieval, and Greek models.

Aristotle, ( 384 – 322 BCE ), believed earth was the heaviest element, and his theory of natural place suggested that any earth – laden substances, would fall quickly, straight down, toward the center of the cosmos.

According to Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, characteristics such as camouflage that help an animal to survive will tend to evolve in any population.

According to Charles Darwin's 1859 theory of natural selection, features such as camouflage evolved by providing individual animals with a reproductive advantage, enabling them to leave more offspring, on average, than other members of the same species.

In category theory, currying can be found in the universal property of an exponential object, which gives rise to the following adjunction in cartesian closed categories: There is a natural isomorphism between the morphisms from a binary product and the morphisms to an exponential object.