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In this paper, North defines institutions as “ humanly devised constraints that structure political, economic and social interactions .” Constraints, as North describes, are devised as formal rules ( constitutions, laws, property rights ) and informal restraints ( sanctions, taboos, customs, traditions, code of conduct ), which usually contribute to the perpetuation of order and safety within a market or society.
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A Canadian Medical Association Journal paper states that " The famine in Cuba during the Special Period was caused by political and economic factors similar to the ones that caused a famine in North Korea in the mid-1990s.
He merged The North Star with another paper to create the Frederick Douglass ' Paper.
The paper outlined an assault on England's eastern coast between The Wash and the River Thames by troops crossing the North Sea from Low Country ports.
* February 3 – The Massachusetts Bay Colony issues the first paper money in North America.
According to a Defense Prisoner of War / Missing Personnel Office ( DPMO ) white paper, 1, 394 names were also transmitted during " Operation Glory " from the Chinese and North Koreans, of which 858 proved to be correct.
A 2003 paper entitled " The Earliest North American Record of Auk ( Aves: Alcidae ) From the Late Eocene of Central Georgia " by Robert M. Chandler and Dennis Parmley of Georgia College and State University reports a Late Eocene, wing-propelled diving, auk from the Priabonain Stage of the Late Eocene.
Image: ANSI size illustration. svg | North American paper sizes
They supported the Federalists against the South in the American Civil War, an unpopular position which, at the time, did some damage to the paper ’ s circulation, though gained readers in the long run when the North won.
In India, the birch ( Sanskrit: भ ु र ् ज, bhurj ) holds great historical significance in the culture of North India, where the thin bark coming off in winter was extensively used as writing paper.
Another tradition in puzzle design ( in North America and Britain particularly ) is that the grid should have 180-degree rotational symmetry, so that its pattern appears the same if the paper is turned upside down.
Days and Recollections of North Stonington, Cyrus Henry Brown, paper read before the Rhode Island Historical Society, November 9, 1916.
The paper was formed in November 1897 by the merger of the North Bend Argus and the North Bend Republican.
Sanford and the rest of Lee County are also covered by the Lee County Star-Tribune, an online paper published by Apex, North Carolina-based Peak Media Group.
In 1954, the pulp and paper giant Bowater ( now Resolute Forest Products ) established a plant in Calhoun that soon grew to become one of the largest newsprint mills in North America.
Harold J. Burton in his paper ‘ A Reconsideration of Import Substitution ’ states: " The very idea of import substitution implied this: keep out that which is now imported from the North and produce it at home ," ( Bruton 910 ).
Its early opposition and criticism of the Nazi regime saw the paper become the first North American paper to be banned in Germany by its government.
John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute | Lord Bute the Prime Minister between 1762 and 1763 was a major target for Wilkes ' paper The North Briton.
Under Snowe, the paper adopted a more liberal political stance, supporting the North during the American Civil War and endorsing universal manhood suffrage in 1866.
The first use of paper ballots in North America was in 1629 within the Massachusetts Bay Colony to select a pastor for the Salem Church.
* Mount McKinley: Icy Crown of North America ( Mountaineers Books 1993, paper 1999, ISBN 0-89886-646-4 )
FOCUS, a weekly entertainment paper in Hickory, North Carolina, began featuring a Page 3 girl decades ago.
* A paper called BSA Today in an alternate reality where North America is still governed by the United Kingdom as the British States of America, seen in Sliders ( 1995 )
Its longtime editor, Eddie Clontz, a 10th-grade dropout from North Carolina and former copy editor at small newspapers, joined the paper in 1981.
paper and defines
International standard ISO 269 defines several standard envelope sizes, which are designed for use with ISO 216 standard paper sizes:
The theorem crucially depends upon the precise definitions of compactness and of the product topology ; in fact, Tychonoff's 1935 paper defines the product topology for the first time.
David Gordon's paper, " Indicators of Poverty & Hunger ", for the United Nations, further defines absolute poverty as the absence of any two of the following eight basic needs:
In this paper he axiomatically studies the properties of fields and defines many important field theoretic concepts like prime field, perfect field and the transcendence degree of a field extension.
Canada defines a Blunt Wrap as " a sheet or tube made of tobacco used to roll cigarette tobacco in-similar to rolling paper ".
The term was popularized in Brian Foote and Joseph Yoder's 1997 paper of the same name, which defines the term thus:
Catheter ablation is a key therapeutic modality for patients with recurrent VT. A task force consisting of the European Heart Rhythm Association ( EHRA ) in conjunction with the Heart Rhythm Society ( HRS ) developed an expert consensus paper that carefully defines the indications, techniques, and outcomes of this procedure.
* an ISO 216 international standard that defines paper size
In 1969 Debes offered a tentative definition of the concept: “ Visual literacy refers to a group of vision-competencies a human being can develop by seeing and at the same time having and integrating other sensory experiences .” A white paper drawn up in January 2004, defines visual literacy as " understanding how people perceive objects, interpret what they see, and what they learn from them.
The bar code standard ( BCBP ) defines the 2D bar code printed on paper boarding passes or sent to mobile phones for electronic boarding passes.
The museum's permanent collection is focussed on drawings, which the AAC defines as any unique work on paper.
Sauer's pioneering 1925 paper " The Morphology of Landscape " is now fundamental to many disciplines and defines the domain.
The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence ( NICE ) published the paper Principles for Best Practice in Clinical Audit, which defines clinical audit as
paper and institutions
The sole dependence on paper resources for subject information diminished and e-books and articles, as well as on-line courses, were anticipated to become increasingly staple and affordable choices provided by higher education institutions according to Whyte in a 2002 presentation.
The parliament approved the government's economic growth and strategy paper in December 2004, but international financial institutions and Western investors will not be satisfied until the government begins to address fiscal adjustment, wage restraint, and payment of debt arrears.
People in diverse communities " don ’ t trust the local mayor, they don ’ t trust the local paper, they don ’ t trust other people and they don ’ t trust institutions ," writes Putnam.
The primary regulatory task of the Second Bank of the United States, as chartered by Congress in 1816, was to restrain the uninhibited proliferation of paper money ( bank notes ) by state or private lenders, which was highly profitable to these institutions.
The most prominent institutions for science and engineering in Otaniemi are the Finnish Innovation Center, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, the Micronova Center of Micro and Nanotechnology, the KCL pulp and paper research center, the CSC IT Center for Scientific Computing, the Geological Survey of Finland ( GTK ), and the National Bureau of Measures ( MIKES ).
Otaniemi is home to many of Finland's research and development organizations: The most prominent institutions for science and engineering in Otaniemi are the Finnish Innovation Center, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, the Micronova Center of Micro and Nanotechnology, the KCL pulp and paper research center, the CSC IT Center for Scientific Computing, the Geological Survey of Finland ( GTK ), and the National Bureau of Measures ( MIKES ).
Degree diplomas generally are printed on high quality paper or parchment ; Individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees.
From its foundation the paper was self-consciously liberal in its politics: " aiming at a wide extension of the rights of free citizenship and a full development of representative institutions ," and supporting " the removal of all restrictions upon freedom of commerce, freedom of religion and — to the utmost extent that is compatible with public morality — upon freedom of personal action.
The idea is that banks and other financial institutions should not need keep in reserve the same amount of capital to protect the institution against ( for example ) a run on the bank, if the financial institution is heavily invested in highly liquid and very " safe " securities ( such as U. S. government bonds or short-term commercial paper from very stable companies ).
Even before the Globe merged with the Mail and Empire, the paper was widely considered the voice of the Upper Canada elite — that is, the Bay Street financial community of Toronto and the intellectuals of university and government institutions.
This concept has a long history in which free banking institutions have issued their own paper currency often backed by a physical commodity.
Mackenzie supported some characteristically British institutions, notably the British Empire, primogeniture and the clergy reserves, but he also praised American institutions in the paper.
With the impact of environmental damage and the need for institutions to become " paperless ", more educational institutions are seeking alternative ways of assessment and testing, which has always traditionally been known to use up vasts amount of paper.
Powerful institutions are able to imbue a paper currency with certain value, and to induce millions into cooperative production and trade in pursuit of economic ends abstractly denominated in that currency's units.
Diplomas used to be printed on large paper, but it has become common to print diplomas on standard letter or A4 size paper, except for most educational institutions in the north of France which issue diplomas on A3 size paper or larger.
For example, the value of a piece of paper money does not supervene on the micro-features of the paper it's made out of, because the value of the money is not just determined by internal features of the paper, but also by a broader distribution of social facts and institutions.
The paper alone does not determine the value of the money, so supervenience does not obtain between the value and the paper ( though it does obtain between the value of the money and some larger part of the world which includes the relevant social institutions ).
This view is still widely debated, and to answer criticisms, Searle has further developed the concept of institutional facts, for example, that a certain building is in fact a bank and that certain paper is in fact money, which would seem to depend upon general recognition of those institutions and their value.
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