According to Jacques Barzun: Voltaire, who had felt annoyed by the first essay the Arts and Sciences, was outraged by the second, on the Origin of Inequality Among Men, declaring that Rousseau wanted us to “ walk on all fours ” like animals and behave like savages, believing them creatures of perfection.

In his Discourse on the Origins of Inequality Among Men ( 1754 ), Rousseau maintained that man in a State of Nature had been a solitary, ape-like creature, who was not méchant ( bad ), as Hobbes had maintained, but ( like some other animals ) had an " innate repugnance to see others of his kind suffer " ( and this natural sympathy constituted the Natural Man's one-and-only natural virtue ).

According to the historian of ideas, Arthur O. Lovejoy :" The notion that Rousseau ’ s Discourse on Inequality was essentially a glorification of the State of Nature, and that its influence tended to wholly or chiefly to promote " Primitivism " is one of the most persistent historical errors.

Although he had introduced the pseudo-scientific racial component into the debate over Jews in Germany, it is unlikely that he was influenced by the earlier theories of Arthur de Gobineau ( author of An Essay on the Inequality of Human Races, 1853 ), who was only translated into German in 1898, a quarter of a century after Marr's pamphlet appeared.

Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau ( 14 July 1816, Ville-d ' Avray, Hauts-de-Seine – 13 October 1882, Turin ) was a French aristocrat, novelist and man of letters who became famous for developing the theory of the Aryan master race in his book An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races ( 1853 – 1855 ).

Inequality in society was very high.

In 1990 he was appointed the Lucy Flower University Professor and director of the University of Chicago's Center for the Study of Urban Inequality.

He is the author of numerous publications including The Declining Significance of Race, winner of the American Sociological Association's Sydney Spivack Award ; The Truly Disadvantaged, which was selected by the editors of the New York Times Book Review as one of the 16 best books of 1987, and received The Washington Monthly Annual Book Award and the Society for the Study of Social Problems ' C. Wright Mills Award ; When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor, which was selected as one of the notable books of 1996 by the editors of the New York Times Book Review and received the Sidney Hillman Foundation Award ; and The Bridge Over the Racial Divide: Rising Inequality and Coalition Politics.

Despite this, traditional discrimination and hostility to Jews on religious grounds persisted and was supplemented by racial antisemitism, encouraged by the work of racial theorists such as Joseph Arthur de Gobineau and particularly his Essay on the Inequality of the Human Race of 1853 – 5.

Runciman's first major publication was Relative Deprivation and Social Justice: a Study of Attitudes to Social Inequality in Twentieth-Century Britain ( Routledge, 1966 ), reprinted by Gregg Revivals in 1993.

Essai sur l ' inégalité des races humaines ( An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races ) ( 1853 – 1855 ) by Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau was intended as a work of philosophical enquiry into decline and degeneration.

A new English language version The Inequality of Human Races, translated by Adrian Collins, was published in Britain and the USA in 1915 and remains the standard English language version.

In early 2007, along with Lewis Turner, he published the research report ; Engendered Penalties: Transsexual and Transgender People ’ s Experience of Inequality and Discrimination for the Equalities Review which was instrumental in ensuring the inclusion of trans people in the remit of the new Commission for Equalities and Human Rights.

An example of a study done on TSDFs and their location in regards to how close they are to minority groups was done in metropolitan Los Angeles, California by Manuel Pastor Jr. in his piece titled “ Racial / Ethnic Inequality in Environmental-Hazard Exposure in Metropolitan Los Angeles ”.

Pleasant Report was the first volume in a series of Commission Reports on Racial and Ethnic Tensions in American Communities, Poverty, Inequality, and Discrimination.

Among the many reports on American education financed during this time, including Charles E. Silberman's acclaimed Crisis in the Classroom ( 1971 ), undoubtedly the most controversial was Christopher Jencks ' Inequality: A Reassessment of the Effect of Family and Schooling in America ( 1973 ).

The book for which he is most renowned, synthesising a life's work, Economic Inequality and Income Distribution ( Cambridge University Press ), was published in 1998.

He was influenced by the writing of Joseph Arthur de Gobineau, an aristocrat, who presented his case for the superiority of the white race in an essay written in 1853, “ Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races .”

" Lovejoy concludes that Rousseau's doctrine, as expressed in his Discourse on Inequality: declares that there is a dual process going on through history ; on the one hand, an indefinte progress in all those powers and achievements which express merely the potency of man's intellect ; on the other hand, an increasing estrangement of men from one another, an intensification of ill-will and mutual fear, cuminating in a monstrous epoch of universal conflict and mutual destruction fourth stage in which we now find ourselves.

Plessy v. Ferguson: Race and Inequality in Jim Crow America ( University Press of Kansas ; 2012 ) 219 pages

* The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit ( Princeton Studies in American Politics ) by Thomas J. Sugrue, Princeton University Press ; Revised edition ( August 1, 2005 ), ISBN 978-0-691-12186-4

# Jean-Jacques Rousseau – On the Origin of Inequality ; On the Political Economy ; Emile – or, On Education, The Social Contract

# Jean-Jacques Rousseau – Discourse on Inequality ; On Political Economy ; Emile ; The Social Contract ; Confessions

* 2012-Billionaires ' Ball: Gluttony and Hubris in an Age of Epic Inequality ( co-authored with Neil Brooks )-Boston: Beacon Press ; ISBN 978-0-8070-0339-8

Of The Social Contract, Or Principles of Political Right ( Du contrat social ou Principes du droit politique ) ( 1762 ) by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, is the book in which Rousseau theorized about the best way in which to set up a political community in the face of the problems of commercial society which he had already identified in his Discourse on Inequality ( 1754 ).

The mathematical proof of the Fluctuation Theorem and in particular the Second Law Inequality shows that, given a non-equilibrium starting state, the probability of seeing its entropy increase is greater than the probability of seeing its entropy decrease-see The Fluctuation Theorem from Advances in Physics 51: 1529.

In Factors the muncher seeks to ingest the factors of a given number, in Primes he craves prime numbers, and in the Equality and Inequality modes the muncher devours expressions such as 2 + 4 which are equivalent or not equivalent ( respectively ) to the designated number.

* development of social research reports such as Losing Ground: The Persistent Growth of Family Poverty in Canada ’ s Largest City, Decade of Decline: Poverty and Income Inequality in the City of Toronto in the 1990s and Poverty by Postal Code: The Geography of Neighbourhood Poverty to identify and highlight challenges faced by the most underserved inner-suburbs of Toronto

Inequality for women in inheritance and other areas of the civil code remain.

Gender Inequality is often embedded within the social hierarchy and this affects how women and men are perceived in leadership roles.

Inequality tends to be lower in households in which women gain access to full-time formal employment.

* Bernoulli Inequality by Chris Boucher, Wolfram Demonstrations Project.

* Sanjeev Saxena, " A Simple Proof of Bernoulli's Inequality ", viXra: 1205. 0068, May 2012

* A. Forcina and G. M. Giorgi " Early Gini ’ s Contributions to Inequality Measurement and Statistical Inference.

For all positive data sets containing at least one pair of unequal values, the harmonic mean is always the least of the three means, while the arithmetic mean is always the greatest of the three and the geometric mean is always in between ( see Inequality of arithmetic and geometric means.

# Inequality among state members creates biases and can lead powerful states to misuse these organizations.

His Discourse on the Origin of Inequality and his On the Social Contract are cornerstones in modern political and social thought.

In 1755, Rousseau completed his second major work, the Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men ( the Discourse on Inequality ), which elaborated on the arguments of the Discourse on the Arts and Sciences.

Frontispiece and title page of an edition of Rousseau's Discourse on Inequality ( 1754 ), published in 1755 in Holland.

At the end of the Discourse on Inequality, Rousseau explains how the desire to have value in the eyes of others comes to undermine personal integrity and authenticity in a society marked by interdependence, and hierarchy.

They include The Bell Curve Debate ( 1995 ), Inequality by Design: Cracking the Bell Curve Myth ( 1996 ) and a second edition of The Mismeasure of Man ( 1996 ) by Steven J. Gould.

" Fault-Lines in South African Democracy: Continuing Crisis of Inequality and Injustice.

Social Inequality: Forms, Causes, and Consequences.

Another proof of the general case for n can be done by technique used to prove Inequality of arithmetic and geometric means.

– A. O. Lovejoy, “ The Supposed Primitivism of Rousseau ’ s Discourse on Inequality ” ( 1923 ).

In his Discourse on the Origins of Inequality, Rousseau, anticipating the language of Darwin, states that as the animal-like human species increased there arose a " formidable struggle for existence " between it and other species for food.