Ba ' athist heads of state such as Syrian President Hafez al-Assad and Iraqi President Saddam Hussein created personality cults around themselves portraying themselves as the nationalist saviours of the Arab world.

The aims of these attacks were not completely clear, but it was argued in 2006 / 7 that these attacks were aimed at fomenting civil conflict within Iraq to destroy the legitimacy of the newly created collaborationist Iraqi government ( which many of its nationalist critics saw as illegitimate and a product of the U. S. government ) and create an unsustainable position for the U. S. forces within Iraq.

Abd al-Karim Qasim ( ) ( 21 November 1914 – 9 February 1963 ), was a nationalist Iraqi Army general who seized power in a 1958 coup d ' état, wherein the Iraqi monarchy was eliminated.

Hashimi was an Iraqi pan-Arab nationalist and long-time intimate of Quwwatli, whom the Syrian president wanted to head the Liberation Army rather than General Safwat, Egypt ’ s candidate.

To further tensions, a rift formed between the older nationalist members of various Syrian urban-class families and the generally younger nationalists who became close to Faysal — his Hejazi troops, Iraqi and Syrian military officers, and Palestinian and Syrian intellectuals.

Almost immediately however, tensions rose between the pan-Arabist Arif and Iraqi nationalist Qasim who also had the support of the Iraqi Communist Party.

As the son of Muzahim al-Pachachi, nephew of Hamdi al-Pachachi and the cousin of Nadim al-pachachi, he is the scion of a Sunni Arab nationalist family with a long tradition in Iraqi politics and a graduate from Victoria College, Alexandria in Egypt.

Allied operations during the Anglo-Iraqi War included attacks on Vichy air force bases in Lebanon and Syria, which served as staging posts for Regia Aeronautica and Luftwaffe units flying to Mosul to support the Iraqi nationalist coup.

Bakr Sidqi (), an Iraqi nationalist and general of Kurdish origin, but not a Kurdish nationalist, was born 1890 in Kirkuk and assassinated on August 12, 1937, at Mosul.

Communism had enveloped the south of Iraq, Iraqi nationalist parties ( and most prominently the pan-Arabist Ba ' ath party ) were largely in control of Iraq's political institutions, particularly during the last decade of Hakim's life.

Following Saddam's capture, the Ba ' athist movement largely faded ; its surviving factions were increasingly shifting to either nationalist factions ( Iraqi, though not Pan-Arab, such as the ideology of the pre-Ba ' athist regime ), or Islamist ( Sunni or Shia, depending on the actual faith of the individual, though Ba ' ath Party policy had been secular, and many of its members were atheist ).

The large numbers of innocent Iraqis detained during the raids, the removal of palm trees and other foliage to deprive guerrillas of cover for ambushes ( and which represented the livelihoods of many farmers ) and the failure to restore basic services such as water and electricity to pre-war levels began increasing the nationalist resistance amongst the Sunnis and began resulting in the disillusionment of an Iraqi populace that was initially largely grateful.

The British believed these credentials would satisfy traditional Arab standards of political legitimacy ; moreover, the British thought Faisal would be accepted by the growing Iraqi nationalist movement because of his role in the 1916 Arab Revolt against the Turks, his achievements as a leader of the Iraq emancipation movement, and his general leadership qualities.

In the end, despite strong nationalist sentiments against the concession agreement, the Iraqi negotiators acquiesced to it.

In a March 2005 article it states the group is composed primarily of Sunnis with a much smaller, but still present, Shiite congregation and, in general, is " inclusive Islamic organization with Iraqi nationalist tendencies.

The IIP evolved out of the Muslim Brotherhood movement, and was banned from 1961 during Iraqi nationalist rule, something which continued throughout the reign of the Pan-Arab Ba ' ath Party right up to the invasion of Iraq in 2003.

According to historian Stanley G. Payne, the Arab nationalism was influenced by European fascism, with the creation of at least seven Arab nationalist shirt movements similar to the brown shirt movement by 1939, with the most influenced ones being the SSNP, the Iraqi Futawa youth movement and the Young Egypt movement.

Abd al-Karim Qasim was a nationalist Iraqi Army general who seized power in a 1958 coup d ' état in which the Iraqi monarchy was eliminated.

Fifteen armed Iraqi Army military officers burst into a Ba ' th Congress meeting, seize the Ba ' th left nationalist faction leaders at gun point and fly them to Madrid.

Ba ' ath Party founder Michel Aflaq ( left ) with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein ( right ) in 1988.

Ba ' athist Iraq under Saddam Hussein pursued ethnic cleansing or liquidation of minorities, pursued expansionist wars against Iran and Kuwait, and gradually replaced pan-Arabism with an Iraqi nationalism that emphasized Iraq's connection to the glories of ancient Mesopotamian empires, including Babylonia.

Although they presented a serious threat to the Iraqi Ba ' ath Party regime, Saddam Hussein managed to suppress the rebellions with massive and indiscriminate force and maintained power.

Although government policies supporting large military and internal security forces and allocating resources to key supporters of the Ba ' ath Party government hurt the economy, implementation of the United Nations ' corruption-plagued oil-for-food program in December 1996 was to have improved conditions for the average Iraqi citizen.

During the regime of Saddam Hussein, the leader of the Ba ' ath Party had strong relations with Bachir, and Amine Gemayel ; relations grew even stronger when Iraqi officials verbally lashed out against Israel's actions in the 2006 War.

* 1968 – A revolution occurs in Iraq when Abdul Rahman Arif is overthrown and the Ba ' ath Party is installed as the governing power in Iraq with Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr as the new Iraqi President.

* The Arab Liberation Front ( ALF ) – Minor faction, aligned to the Iraqi Ba ' ath Party

* The Palestinian Arab Front ( PAF ) – minor pro-Fatah, former Iraqi Ba ' athists faction

After secondary school Saddam studied at an Iraqi law school for three years, dropping out in 1957 at the age of 20 to join the revolutionary pan-Arab Ba ' ath Party, of which his uncle was a supporter.

Aflaq, the leader of the Ba ' athist movement, organised the expulsion of leading Iraqi Ba ' athist members, such as Fuad al-Rikabi, on the grounds that the party should not have initiated the attempt on Qasim's life.

At the same time, Aflaq managed to secure seats in the Iraqi Ba ' ath leadership for his supporters, one them being Saddam.

Arif dismissed and arrested the Ba ' athist leaders later that year in the November 1963 Iraqi coup d ' état.

Arif died in a plane crash in 1966, in what was probably an act of sabotage by Ba ' athist elements in the Iraqi military.

Ali Ibrahim al-Tikriti, an Iraqi general and friend of Saddam who defected in 1991, has alleged that the Soviet Union covertly assisted the Iraqi Ba ' athists in gaining and holding onto power in the sixties.

The campaign takes its name from Surat al-Anfal in the Qur ' an, which was used as a code name by the former Iraqi Ba ' athist administration for a series of attacks against the peshmerga rebels and the mostly Kurdish civilian population of rural Northern Iraq, conducted between 1986 and 1989 culminating in 1988.

On 30 June 2004, Saddam Hussein, held in custody by U. S. forces at the U. S. base " Camp Cropper ", along with 11 other senior Ba ' athist leaders, were handed over legally ( though not physically ) to the interim Iraqi government to stand trial for crimes against humanity and other offences.

She is currently wanted by the Iraqi Government for allegedly financing and supporting the insurgency and the now banned Iraqi Ba ' ath Party.

A United States-led coalition invaded Iraq, and the Iraq war led to the end of Saddam Hussein's rule as Iraqi President and the Ba ' ath Party regime in Iraq.

The war, which ended the rule of Saddam Hussein's Ba ' ath Party, also led to violence against the coalition forces and between many Sunni and Shia Iraqi groups, and to al-Qaeda operations in Iraq.

The Iraqi and Syrian governments, both dominated by the Ba ' ath party, soon sent Nasser delegations to push for a new Arab union on 14 March 1963.

The Ba ' athist Iraqi Republican Guard ( "" Ḥaris al -‘ Irāq al-Jamhūriyy ") was a branch of the Ba ' athist Iraqi military from 1969 to 2003, primarily during the presidency of Saddam Hussein.

* The video game, Conflict: Desert Storm series feature soldiers of the Ba ' athist Iraqi Republican Guard as the main enemies.

Ali Hassan Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti,, ( 30 November 1941 – 25 January 2010 ) was a Ba ' athist Iraqi Defense Minister, Interior Minister, military commander and chief of the Iraqi Intelligence Service.

The government's treatment of dissent did not softened, and by 1963, several leading Iraqi ba ' athist had travelled to Beirut, Lebanon to plan a coup against Qasim's regime.

This was probably an act of sabotage by Ba ' athist elements in the Iraqi military.

A former Ba ' athist, Allawi helped found the Iraqi National Accord, which today is an active political party.

Allawi himself states that he remained active in the international Ba ' athist movement, but had no ties to the Ba ' ath Party's Iraqi Regional Branch.

These efforts drew criticism from Ahmed Chalabi, another formerly exiled Iraqi politician who had good connections with the CIA, who voiced worries that the new agency might be used for the restoration of the old Ba ' athist security apparatus and follow the well-established pattern of government repression.

These efforts drew criticism from Ahmed Chalabi, another formerly exiled Iraqi politician who had good connections with the CIA, who voiced worries that the new agency might be used for the restoration of the old Ba ' athist security apparatus and follow the well-established pattern of government repression.

Opponents also claim that without ground troops to secure the border, top Ba ' athist regime members fled the country with vast Iraqi funds and foreign insurgents moved into the country.