The cementation process continued to be used but literary sources from both Europe and the Islamic world seem to describe variants of a higher temperature liquid process which took places in open-topped crucibles.

Compared to Western societies, " hat is striking about the Islamic world is that ... it seems to have been the least penetrated by irreligion ".

After architects Mario Bellini and Rudy Ricciotti had won an international competition to create its new galleries for Islamic art, the new 3, 000 sq m pavilion eventually opened in 2012, consisting of ground-and lower-ground-level interior spaces topped by a golden, undulating roof ( fashioned from almost 9, 000 steel tubes that form an interior web ) that seems to float within the neo-Classical Visconti Courtyard in the middle of the Louvre ’ s south wing.

For example, Taxila was an early centre of Vedic learning, possible from the 6th century BC or earlier ; the Platonic Academy founded in Athens in the 4th century BC seems to have included theological themes in its subject matter ; the Chinese Taixue delivered Confucian teaching from the 2nd century BC ; the School of Nisibis was a centre of Christian learning from the 4th century AD ; Nalanda in India was a site of Buddhist higher learning from at least the 5th or 6th century AD ; and the Moroccan University of Al-Karaouine was a centre of Islamic learning from the 10th century, as was Al-Azhar University in Cairo.

He is known to have studied Euclid and to have translated the work of Al Battani and Avicenna, and it seems that he would not have made the translation for which he is famous, that of the Qur ' an, without the encouragement of the French Abbot Peter the Venerable, who wished to have access to Islamic texts.

In the new law, the age of 18 ( solar year ) would be for both genders considered and juvenile offenders will be sentenced on a separate law than of adults .” Based on the Islamic law which now seems to have been revised, girls at the age of 9 and boys at 15 of lunar year ( 11 days shorter than a solar year ) were fully responsible for their crimes.

It seems to me quite reasonable that calling these Islamic movements ‘ Fundamentalist ' ( and in the strong sense of the term ) is adequate, accurate, and correct.

“ He seems a completely reasonable man when discussing the Middle East or energy policy, but when the conversation shifts to Chechnya or Islamic extremism, Putin ’ s eyes turn to those of a killer .”

Eric Halfpenny, writing in the 1988 Encyclopædia Britannica, says " bowing can be traced as far back as the Islamic civilization of the 10th century ... it seems likely that the principle of bowing originated among the nomadic horse riding cultures of Central Asia, whence it spread quickly through Islam and the East, so that by 1000 it had almost simultaneously reached China, Java, North Africa, the Near East and Balkans, and Europe.

Crusader art is mainly a hybrid of Catholic and Byzantine styles, with little Islamic influence, but the Mozarabic art of Christians in Al Andaluz seems to show considerable influence from Islamic art, though the results are little like contemporary Islamic works.

We cannot reconstruct the Halevi's various residences in Spain ; he seems to have lived at times in Christian Toledo, at others in Islamic Spain.

Egyptian Arabic seems to have begun taking shape in Fustat, the first Islamic capital of Egypt, and now part of modern-day Cairo.

In many parts of Indonesia, the celebration of the Mawlid al-nabi " seems to surpass in importance, liveliness, and splendour " the two official Islamic holidays of Eid ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha.

" ( which sounds like " Allah king "), and Dave comes out, gurgling mouthwash ( which seems like he is speaking unintelligibly ) and wearing a towel turban, a robe, and shaving cream on his face which looked like an Islamic beard.

It seems that with Islamic invasions, the caste declined in importance and its traditional musical skills were condemned.

Most of Islamic history seems to have been primarily transmitted orally until after the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate.

* Maqālāt al-islāmīyīn, it comprises not only an account of the Islamic sects but also an examination of problems in kalām, or scholastic theology, and the Names and Attributes of Allah ; the greater part of this works seems to have been completed before his conversion from the Mutaziltes.

William Smith wrote that his reputation in the Islamic world seems to have been very great, and it is said that he was especially consulted by midwives, whence he received the name of Al-kawabeli or " the Accoucheur.

Traditional Islamic costume for women seems to have included the abaya, the chador, and the burqa, as well as many other forms of dress and headcovering.

At least 162 killings in 19 countries have been linked to the senior leadership of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

It contains a mass of information as to the life and customs of the early Arabs, and is the most valuable authority we have for their pre-Islamic and early Islamic days.

At least two of the cellphone calls made by passengers indicate that all the hijackers they saw were wearing red bandanas, which some have questioned may have signified an allegiance to the Egyptian Islamic Jihad.

At least two of the cellphone calls made by passengers indicate that all the hijackers they saw were wearing red bandanas, which some believe may have signified an allegiance to the Egyptian Islamic Jihad.

A number of Islamic writers and the 13th century Italian Marco Polo describe how this was obtained by sublimation from zinc ores and condensed onto clay or iron bars, archaeological examples of which have been identified at Kush in Iran.

Bernard Lewis states that the Muslim laity and Islamic authorities have always had great difficulty in accommodating post-Islamic monotheistic religions such as the Bahá ' í Faith, since the followers of such religions cannot be dismissed either as benighted heathens, like the polytheists of Asia and the animists of Africa, nor as outdated precursors, like the Jews and Christians.

The second noteworthy characteristic is that the country borders on very different parts of the African continent: North Africa, with its Islamic culture and economic orientation toward the Mediterranean Basin ; West Africa, with its diverse religions and cultures and its history of highly developed states and regional economies ; Northeast Africa, oriented toward the Nile Valley and Red Sea region ; and Central or Equatorial Africa, some of whose people have retained classical African religions while others have adopted Christianity, and whose economies were part of the great Congo River system.

Every adult and wise woman without husband although reserves the right to accept concubinage for her employer / master without any coercion or force, but Islamic scholars have consensus that for sex relations options of Nikkah and Muta should be adopted instead of concubinage in this era.

Islamic schools of law ( Madh ' hab ) have interpreted this as a strict prohibition of the consumption of all types of alcohol and declared it to be haraam (" sinful "), although other uses may be permitted.

However, since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Egypt's relations with Iran have been mostly strained.

Although the attacks did not pose a threat to the stability of the Government of Eritrea ( the infiltrators have generally been killed or captured by government forces ), the Eritreans believe the National Islamic Front ( NIF ) in Khartoum supported, trained, and armed the insurgents.

Some Islamic scholars have likened Ezekiel's mission to the description of Dhul-Kifl.

These influences have led some scholars to suggest that Islamic law may have laid the foundations for " the common law as an integrated whole ".

Most Islamic opinions ( millions of fatwā have been issued over the 1, 400 years of Islam's existence ) deal with mundane issues faced by Muslims in their daily life, such as the customs of marriage, financial affairs, moral questions, et cetera.

Islamic scholars have said that, while male circumcision is a sunna, or religious obligation, female genital modification is not required, and several have issued a fatwa against Type III FGM.

Although rooted in Islam, the movement's pioneers have also utilised secular and European or non-Muslim feminist discourses and recognise the role of Islamic feminism as part of an integrated global feminist movement.

Viewed from an orthodox Islamic perspective, the Gospel of Barnabas might be considered a Christian work, as its many points of difference from the Qur ' an suggest ; hence, it too may be expected to have undergone corruption and distortion.

Historically, some theocratic Islamic states known as imamates have been led by imams as head of state, such as in what is now Oman, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia.

Hezbollah is reputed to have been among the first Islamic resistance groups to use tactical suicide bombing, assassination, and capturing foreign soldiers in the Middle East.

" Nowadays, as Hezbollah scholar Magnus Ranstorp reports, Hezbollah does indeed have a formal governing structure, and in keeping with the principle of Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists ( velayat-e faqih ), it " concentrate ... all authority and powers " in its religious leaders, whose decisions then " flow from the ulama down the entire community.

The title " teacher " was first given to Aristotle by Muslim scholars, and was later used by Western philosophers ( as in the famous poem of Dante ) who were influenced by the tradition of Islamic philosophy.

* Amputation is used as a legal punishment in a number of countries, among them Iran, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and Islamic regions of Nigeria.

However other alloys such as low tin bronze were also used and they vary depending on local cultural attitudes, the purpose of the metal and access to zinc, especially between the Islamic and Byzantine world.

It is used to date events in most of the Muslim countries ( concurrently with the Gregorian calendar ), and used by Muslims everywhere to determine the proper day on which to celebrate Islamic holy days and festivals.

Although suan cai is not exclusively Chinese Islamic cuisine, it is used in Chinese Islamic cuisine to top off noodle soups, especially beef noodle soup.

The adapted crossbow was used by the Islamic armies in defence of their castles.

The word is also most commonly used for the Islamic leader of the Ummah ; starting with Muhammad and his line of successors.

* Islamic group ( used in the Muslim world )

There are different approaches to the methodology used in fiqh to derive sharia from the Islamic sources.

The term fatwā is sometimes used by some Muslims to mean to " give permission " to do a certain act that might be illegal under Islamic law ; other Muslims view this to be incorrect.

Specific to the Islamic gardens are the mosaics and glazed tiles used to decorate the rills and fountains that were built in these gardens.

Muslim merchants had a high demand for slaves, which were used as porters on the trans-Saharan routes, and for sale in the Islamic Empire.

Other historians urge caution regarding claims of Islamic firearms use in the 1204-1324 period as late medieval Arabic texts used the same word for gunpowder, naft, that they used for an earlier incendiary naptha.

Whether the Islamic Jihad Organization ( IJO ) was a nom de guerre used by Hezbollah or a separate organization, is disputed.

Hezbollah leaders reportedly admitted their involvement in IJO's attacks and the nominal nature of " Islamic Jihad " – that it was merely a " telephone organization ," and whose name was " used by those involved to disguise their true identity.

Hezbollah also used another name, Islamic Resistance, or al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya, for its attacks against Israel.

It is used to date events in many Muslim countries ( concurrently with the Gregorian calendar ), and used by Muslims everywhere to determine the proper days on which to observe the annual fast ( see Ramadan ), to attend Hajj, and to celebrate other Islamic holidays and festivals.

On the other hand, Muslim-owned and run media ( not just Western media ) have used the terms " Islamist " and " Islamism " — as distinguished from Muslim and Islam — to distinguish groups such as the Islamic Salvation Front in Algeria or Jamaa Islamiya in Egypt, which actively seek to implement Islamic law, from mainstream Muslim groups.