Arabic literature spans for over two millennium, it has three phases, the pre-Islamic, Islamic and modern.

They are known as the Baburnama and are considered the first true autobiography in Islamic literature.

From the late 17th century onwards a whole body of literature known as the Han Kitab developed amongst the Hui Muslims of China who infused Islamic thought with Confucianism.

In Islamic literature the only form of sex that is always explicitly prohibited within marriage is sex during menstrual cycles.

* Mehmed Yazıcıoğlu, author of the Muhammediyye, one of the key works of Islamic Ottoman literature

Anecdotal literature reinforces this impression of general societal acceptance of the public celebration of male-male love ( which hostile Western caricatures of Islamic societies in medieval and early modern times simply exaggerate ).

), " Islamic Homosexualities: culture, history, and literature " NYU Press New York 1997

* Wafer, Jim ( 1997 ) " Muhammad and Male Homosexuality " in " Islamic Homosexualities: culture, history, and literature " by Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe ( eds.

* Wafer, Jim ( 1997 ) " The Symbolism of Male Love in Islamic Mysthical Literature " in " Islamic Homosexualities: culture, history, and literature " by Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe ( eds.

It also emphasizes the inevitability of resurrection, judgment, and the eternal division of the righteous and the wicked .. Islamic apocalyptic literature describing Armageddon is often known as fitnah (" a test ") or malāhim ( or ghaybah to the Shī ‘ a ).

( XII: 83, 86-87, 96 ) Islamic literature fleshes out the narrative of Jacob, and mentions that his wives included Rachel.

), " Islamic Homosexualities: culture, history, and literature " NYU Press New York 1997

* Wafer, Jim ( 1997 ) " Muhammad and Male Homosexuality " in " Islamic Homosexualities: culture, history, and literature " by Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe ( eds.

* Wafer, Jim ( 1997 ) " The Symbolism of Male Love in Islamic Mysthical Literature " in " Islamic Homosexualities: culture, history, and literature " by Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe ( eds.

Shem ( ; Sēm ; Arabic: Sām ; Ge ' ez: ሴም, Sēm ; " renown ; prosperity ; name ") was one of the sons of Noah in the Hebrew Bible as well as in Islamic literature.

Islamic literature describes Shem as one of the believing sons of Noah.

Following the Mongolian invasion of Anatolia facilitated by the Sultanate of Rûm's defeat at the 1243 Battle of Köse Dağ, Islamic mystic literature thrived in Anatolia, and Yunus Emre became one of its most distinguished poets.

In Song Dynasty China and the classical Islamic world, this century marked the high point for both classical Chinese civilization, science and technology, and classical Islamic science, philosophy, technology and literature.

Medina (;,, “ the radiant city ” ( officially ), or ), also officially transliterated as Madinah on Saudi maps and in modern Islamic literature generally, is a modern city in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia, and serves as the capital of Al Madinah Province.

He left his native town at a young age for Baghdad to study Arabic literature and Islamic sciences at Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad.

(), better known just as Ibn Rushd (), and in European literature as Averroes (; April 14, 1126 – December 10, 1198 ), was an Andalusian Muslim polymath ; a master of Aristotelian philosophy, Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, Maliki law and jurisprudence, logic, psychology, politics, Arabic music theory, and the sciences of medicine, astronomy, geography, mathematics, physics and celestial mechanics.

Islamic civilization is credited with further advancing the accuracy of clocks with elaborate engineering.

The Danish publication of cartoons portraying prophet Muhammad further damaged relations with Europe's Muslim population, and the Islamic world at-large.

In 771, Charlemagne reunited the Frankish domains after a further period of division, subsequently conquering the Lombards under Desiderius in what is now northern Italy ( 774 ), incorporating Bavaria ( 788 ) into his realm, defeating the Avars of the Danubian plain ( 796 ), advancing the frontier with Islamic Spain as far south as Barcelona ( 801 ), and subjugating Lower Saxony after a prolonged campaign ( 804 ).

He invited scholars and architects like Ishal al-Tuedjin ( al-Sahili ) to further integrate Mali into the Islamic world.

" She further wrote that although " Islamic historians agree that the prophet Muhammad never hit a woman, it is also clear that Muslim communities face a domestic violence problem.

In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140, 000 students in total, a figure that vastly exceeded the number of Muslim children in school at the same time, who were further hindered by the amount of time spent learning Arabic and Islamic theology.

The scientific revolution was built upon the foundation of ancient Greek learning and science in the middle ages, as it had been elaborated and further developed by Roman / Byzantine science and medieval Islamic science.

The Turkic period was a time of cultural fusion as Islamic traditions brought by the Arabs merged with local Iranian cultures and then were further altered by Turkic invaders and rulers such as the Seljuks.

Tours was the site of the episcopal activity of St. Martin of Tours and has further Christian connotations in that the pivotal Battle of Tours in 732 is often considered the very first decisive victory over the invading Islamic forces, turning the tide against them.

Thereafter it was used very widely across the Islamic world, by no means just in Arabic-speaking areas, in many media for several centuries, and developed further.

They differ from other post-Islamic faiths in Muslim lands because Ahmadis first began as an Islamic reform movement, threatening the established orthodoxy present in South Asian Islam, and further was embraced by highly socially upward mobile westernizing Muslim intellectuals of the day.

Aristotle's logic was further developed by Islamic and Christian philosophers in the Middle Ages, reaching a high point in the mid-fourteenth century.

The Byzantine Empire inherited Classical Greek culture directly, without Latin intermediation, and the preservation of classical Greek learning in medieval Byzantine tradition further exerted strong influence on the Slavs and later on the Islamic Golden Age and the Western European Renaissance.

Astrolabes were further developed in the medieval Islamic world, where Muslim astronomers introduced angular scales to the astrolabe, adding circles indicating azimuths on the horizon.

The Islamic version differs further from the Bible, because in Islamic sources, Abraham tells his son about the vision, and his son agrees to be sacrificed.

In The Winding Motion, Ibn al-Haytham further wrote that faith should only apply to prophets of Islam and not to any other authorities, in the following comparison between the Islamic prophetic tradition and the demonstrative sciences:

However, some Muslims both liberal and traditional are skeptical of the approach, viewing the construction of fields such as Islamic science and Islamic economics largely as propaganda created to further the Islamist view that Islam is an all-encompassing social system.

The bond extends even further with the Islamic Prophet Muhammad instructing Muslims to defend the Christian faith from aggressors in certain circumstances after treaties of peace have been signed, such as in the document called the Achtiname of Muhammad.

Still others, such as the Muslim author Sayyid Qutb, go further, arguing that an Islamic shura should advise the caliph but not elect or supervise him.

Basset links it to a Berber tribal name swh attested further west in the early Islamic period, while Ilahiane, following Chafik, links it to the Tashelhiyt Berber word asiwan, a type of prey bird, and hence to Amon-Ra, one of whose symbols was the falcon.

In India, cenotaphs are a basic element of Hindu architecture borrowed from Islamic architecture, as seen in most of the mausoleums of Mughal Emperors which have two burial chambers, the upper one with a cenotaph, as in Humayun's Tomb, Delhi or the Taj Mahal, Agra, while the real tomb often lies exactly below it, or further removed.

Islamic architecture thus borrows from Persian architecture and can be some what called an extension and further evolution of Persian architecture.

The minaret of the Menara Kudus Mosque, in Central Java, demonstrated further pre-Islamic influence on local Islamic architecture.