The prize was originally known as the Booker-McConnell Prize, after the company Booker-McConnell began sponsoring the event in 1968 ; it became commonly known as the " Booker Prize " or simply " the Booker.

Mountain biking began in the 1970s, originally as a downhill sport, practised on customized cruiser bikes around Mount Tamalpais.

If the air mass is colder than the ground below it, it is labeled k. If the air mass is warmer than the ground below it, it is labeled w. While air mass identification was originally used in weather forecasting during the 1950s, climatologists began to establish synoptic climatologies based on this idea in 1973.

The sport originally began with " all girl " teams and later co-ed teams began to gain popularity.

Tramlink ( originally and sometimes still called Croydon Tramlink ) is a tramway system in south London in the United Kingdom which began operation in May 2000.

One might note, however, that what is assumed to be a niche for the Torah scroll in the building probably originally built as a Judeo-Christian synagogue between AD 70 and AD 135 on the traditional site of the Cenacle or upper room of the Last Supper and now identified as the site of the King David's Tomb is oriented not towards the Temple Mount, but towards the site of the Holy Sepulchre, which would seem to indicate that the Christian community that had built it had already began to transfer many of the religious traditions originally associated with the Temple to the sites they associated with Christ's death and resurrection ( such as the burial place of Adam and the centre of the world ).

This fight began on the 13th of Adar, the date the Jews were originally slated to be exterminated.

Goal posts were originally kept on the goal lines, but after they began to interfere with play, they moved back to the end lines in 1927, where they have remained in college football ever since.

Commercial production began in late summer of 1932 by the Ro-Pat-In Corporation ( Electro-Patent-Instrument Company Los Angeles ), a partnership of Beauchamp, Adolph Rickenbacker ( originally Rickenbacher ), and Paul Barth.

Hearses were originally horse-drawn, but silent electric motorised carts were introduced as horses began to be phased out as transportation.

The song was originally intended to be performed in 6 / 8 time, but had to be slowed down to its present rhythm when it began to be sung by large crowds.

By 1997, it was apparent that the IA-64 architecture and the compiler were much more difficult to implement than originally thought, and the delivery of Merced began slipping.

The word kulak originally referred to independent farmers in the Russian Empire who emerged from the peasantry and became wealthy following the Stolypin reform, which began in 1906.

Kansas City's suburban development originally began with the implementation of streetcars in the early decades of the 20th century.

Undeterred, Wismer began his career as a broadcaster originally with Michigan State and become a pioneer of the industry.

The mixed settings occurred because Quake II originally began as a separate product line.

While the Roman Inquisition was originally designed to combat the spread of Protestantism in Italy, the institution outlived that original purpose and the system of tribunals lasted until the mid 18th century, when pre-unification Italian states began to suppress the local inquisitions, effectively eliminating the power of the church to prosecute heretical crimes.

On January 20, 2000 the SOAPnet network began retransmitting soap operas originally aired on ABC, NBC and CBS.

He also began the excavation of many of the barrows in the area, and it was his interpretation of the landscape that associated it with the Druids Stukeley was so fascinated with Druids that he originally named Disc Barrows as Druids ' Barrows.

While he was with the Central Pool of Artists ( a group he described as composed " of bomb-happy squaddies ") he began to write parodies of their mainstream plays, that displayed many of the key elements of what would later become The Goon Show ( originally called Crazy People ) with Peter Sellers, Harry Secombe and Michael Bentine.

The number of SCA kingdoms has continued to grow by the expansion and division of existing kingdoms ; for example, the Outlands, Artemisia, Ansteorra, Gleann Abhann, Meridies, and Trimaris all originally belonged to the fourth kingdom, Atenveldt, which began as a branch of the West.

Knuth began the project, originally conceived as a single book with twelve chapters, in 1962.

The show is a spin-off of the television series Hercules: The Legendary Journeys ; the saga began with three episodes in Hercules where Xena was a recurring character originally scheduled to die in her third appearance.

The system was originally built as a patchwork of local rail links operated by small private railway companies.

Ownership of the track and infrastructure passed to Railtrack, whilst passenger operations were franchised to individual private sector operators ( originally there were 25 franchises ) and the freight services sold outright ( six companies were set up, but five of these were sold to the same buyer ).

Following these developments, CUNY students were added to the state's need-based Tuition Assistance Program, or TAP, which had originally been created to help private colleges.

The docks were originally built and managed by a number of competing private companies.

The territory of New Netherland, containing the Northeast's largest rivers with access to the beaver trade, was originally a private, profit-making commercial enterprise focusing on cementing alliances and conducting trade with the diverse Indian tribes.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

In Japanese it was known as which literally means " tent office ", and originally meant " house of the general ", and later also suggested a private government.

The telephone service in the United Kingdom was originally provided by private companies and local city councils, but by 1912 – 13 all except the telephone service of Kingston upon Hull, Yorkshire and Guernsey had been bought out by the General Post Office.

* the Amerbach Cabinet, originally a private collection, was bought by the university and city of Basel in 1661 and opened to the public in 1671.

The first publicly owned museum in Europe was the Amerbach-Cabinet in Basel, originally a private collection sold to the city in 1661 and public since 1671 ( now Kunstmuseum Basel ).

This was originally a private venture by Supermarine, but the RAF quickly became interested and the Air Ministry financed a prototype.

Many of the originally pornographic French ( and Viennese ) operettas were later played in a toned-down, " classical " version, which is how audiences today are mostly presented with the genre — in an opera house with opera singers, rather than in a private theatre with courtesans in the lead roles.

Much of the land in the south part of the Valley, in Conejos and Costilla counties, was originally part of large Mexican land grants and is private land.

His first surviving opera, Cox and Box ( 1866 ), was originally written for a private performance.

This garden, originally William III's private garden, was replanted in 1992 in period style with manicured hollies and yews along a geometric system of paths.

Initially Medicare consisted exclusively of Part A, which covers hospital and other inpatient services, and Part B, which covers outpatient care, physician visits, and other “ medically necessary services .” Congress then added Medicare Part C ( originally called Medicare + Choice, then later changed to Medicare Advantage ), which allows enrollees to receive their Medicare benefits through a private plan, under the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, while Medicare Part D was created under the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003.

The city of Orleans was not originally on the menu-indeed, Bedford had secured a private deal with Dunois, whose attentions were focused on the Richemont-La Trémoille conflict, then raging violently in the Berri.

The Heligan estate was originally bought by the Tremaynes in the sixteenth century, and earlier members of the family were responsible for Heligan House and the ( still private ) gardens that immediately surround it.

Poland Seminary was originally a private secondary school, Poland Academy, and then a liberal arts college founded 200 years ago.

IDSA originally asked CES for a private meeting space for game developers, but was told that

According to Dr. Grenfell, the wedding was originally supposed to take place in the parsonage, but because of a bake sale on the lawn of the Bethel United Methodist Church, was moved at the last minute to the Elmwood Chapel, on the site of the Elmwood Cemetery in Bethel, in order to allow the event to remain private.

Rutgers was originally a private university affiliated with the Dutch Reformed Church and admitted only male students, but evolved into a coeducational public research university.

Now a private home, it was originally designed and operated as a nuclear bunker to house and protect the ' London North Group ' emergency regional government between about 1951 and 1985.

This marks the genesis of his most enduring idea – the creation of large private communal gardens, originally known as " pleasure grounds ", or " paddocks ", enclosed by terraces and / or crescents of houses.

Of particular note in Winchmore Hill is Grovelands Park which was originally a private estate before being partly sold off to the council in 1913.