Up to 1913, most American film production was still carried out around New York, but because of the monopoly of Thomas Edison's film patents, many filmmakers had moved to Southern California, hoping to escape the litany of lawsuits that the Edison Company had been bringing to protect its monopoly.

By November 1891 William Dickson, at Edison's laboratory, was using Blair's stock for Kinetoscope experiments.

In 1909, tests showed cellulose diacetate to be a viable replacement base, and Kodak began selling acetate-base films the following year in 22 mm widths for Edison's work on the Home Kinetoscope, which was commercially released in 1912.

Exhausted by the lawsuits, Edison's competitors — Essanay, Kalem, Pathé Frères, Selig, and Vitagraph — approached him in 1907 to negotiate a licensing agreement, which Lubin was also invited to join.

The word " mimeograph " was first used by Albert Blake Dick when he licensed Edison's patents in 1887.

While other inventors had produced devices that could record sounds, Edison's phonograph was the first to be able to reproduce the recorded sound.

Cros's paleophone was intended to both record and reproduce sound but had not been developed beyond a basic concept at the time of Edison's successful demonstration of the Phonograph in 1877.

Cros was a poet of meager means, not in a position to pay a machinist to build a working model, and largely content to bequeath his ideas to the public domain free of charge and let others reduce them to practice, but after the earliest reports of Edison's presumably independent invention crossed the Atlantic he had his sealed letter of April 30 opened and read at the December 3, 1877 meeting of the French Academy of Sciences, claiming due scientific credit for priority of conception.

Edison's patent specified that the audio recording be embossed, and it was not until 1886 that vertically modulated engraved recordings using wax coated cylinders was patented by Chichester Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter.

The basic distinction between the Edison's first phonograph patent, and the Bell and Tainter patent of 1886 was the method of recording.

Edison's method was to indent the sound waves on a piece of tin-foil, while Bell and Tainter's invention called for cutting, or " engraving ", the sound waves into a wax record with a sharp recording stylus.

Though Edison's recording technology was better than Berliner's, there were commercial advantages to a disc system since the disc could be easily mass produced by molding and stamping and it required less storage space for a collection of recordings.

Berliner successfully argued that his technology was different enough from Edison's that he did not need to pay royalties on it, which reduced his business expenses.

Not only were there rival machines with " down-stroke " and " frontstroke " positions that gave a visible printing point, the problem of typebar clashes could be circumvented completely: examples include Thomas Edison's 1872 electric print-wheel device which later became the basis for Teletype machines ; Lucien Stephen Crandall's typewriter ( the second to come onto the American market ) whose type was arranged on a cylindrical sleeve ; the Hammond typewriter of 1887 which used a semi-circular " type-shuttle " of hardened rubber ( later light metal ); and the Blickensderfer typewriter of 1893 which used a type wheel.

In school, the young Edison's mind often wandered, and his teacher, the Reverend Engle, was overheard calling him " addled ".

Edison's family moved to Port Huron, Michigan after the railroad bypassed Milan in 1854 and business declined ; his life there was bittersweet.

Edison's first telegraphy job away from Port Huron was at Stratford Junction, Ontario, on the Grand Trunk Railway.

Edison's major innovation was the first industrial research lab, which was built in Menlo Park, New Jersey.

It was built with the funds from the sale of Edison's quadruplex telegraph.

The quadruplex telegraph was Edison's first big financial success, and Menlo Park became the first institution set up with the specific purpose of producing constant technological innovation and improvement.

On October 8, 1883, the US patent office ruled that Edison's patent was based on the work of William Sawyer and was therefore invalid.

Litigation continued for nearly six years, until October 6, 1889, when a judge ruled that Edison's electric-light improvement claim for " a filament of carbon of high resistance " was valid.

When founded by Franklin the Gazette was a weekly family newspaper and under its new name its format remained that of a newspaper but its columns gradually contained more and more fiction, poetry, and literary essays.

The standard format was that of speakers making speeches for and against a position followed by a general vote ( usually by show of hands ) of yes or no.

Because the WD1770 is capable of single density mode and uses the same IBM360 derived floppy disc format as the Intel 8271 found in the BBC Micro, it was also possible to run a DFS filing system with an alternate ROM, such as the P. R. E. S AP4 interface.

Tridgell was also a leader in hacking the TiVo to make it work in Australia, which uses the PAL video format.

The distinctive “ double-pull ” format that typifies most of these songs — also at times used, with slight changes, for pumps, windlass, and capstan, too — was a later development that appears to owe much to African-American work songs.

The " open-topped " design format of the Panzerjäger vehicles was succeeded by the Jagdpanzer '(" hunting tanks ") which mounted the gun in true casemate-style superstructures, completely enclosing the crew compartment in armor that would usually be integral to the hull.

The mainstream song " Saved by Love " was a minor hit, receiving airplay on radio stations featuring the newly emerging Adult Contemporary format.

The format was common on NeXT systems and on early Web pages.

DXF was originally introduced in December 1982 as part of AutoCAD 1. 0, and was intended to provide an exact representation of the data in the AutoCAD native file format, DWG ( Drawing ), for which Autodesk for many years did not publish specifications.

This was done to accommodate the new one-game wild-card playoffs .< re > http :// espn. go. com / mlb / story / _ / id / 7942366 / owners-approve-wild-card-winners-hosting-games-1-2-division-series </ ref > Historically, however, MLB has used rarely the 2-3 format in a best-of-5 series ..

The proposed format was three provincial games in Argentina followed by two international tests, followed by three provincial games in Australia followed by three international tests.

The format of the column was a random assortment of small paragraphs which were otherwise unconnected.

It has been awarded eight Pulitzer Prizes in its history, including four for editorial writing and three for photography before it was converted to tabloid format in 1981.

The Herald American was printed in broadsheet format, and failed to target a particular readership ; where the Record American had been a typical city tabloid, the Herald Traveler was a Republican paper.

The format was used in Australia in the form of Friday Night Live from Series 5 until Series 8.

* Microsoft Word 2000 was backward compatible with Word 97 because it could read and write files in Word 97 format, with the understanding that features unique to Word 2000 would not appear in Word 97.

The last book in this format was Cecily Parsley's Nursery Rhymes in 1922, a collection of favourite rhymes.

The film was shot in the anamorphic format with Panavision C-and E-Series lenses.

The bulletin was joined in being simulcast on 10 April 2006 when the BBC News at One ( with British Sign Language in-vision signing ) and BBC News at Six bulletins were added to the schedule following a similar format to the News at Ten in terms of content on the channel once each simulcast ends.

As far back as the early 2nd century, there is evidence that the codex — usually of papyrus — was the preferred format among Christians: in the library of the Villa of the Papyri, Herculaneum ( buried in AD 79 ), all the texts ( Greek literature ) are scrolls ( see Herculaneum papyri ); in the Nag Hammadi " library ", secreted about AD 390, all the texts ( Gnostic Christian ) are codices.

Jimmy Hatlo's They'll Do It Every Time was often drawn in the two-panel format as seen in this 1943 example.

Jimmy Hatlo's They'll Do It Every Time was often displayed in a two-panel format with the first panel showing some deceptive, pretentious, unwitting or scheming human behavior and the second panel revealing the truth of the situation.

A Spanish version, with a similar format and using a slightly revised version of the 1909 Reina-Valera translation, was published in 2009.