Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS ( ; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954 ), was a British mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, and computer scientist.

He was highly influential in the development of computer science, giving a formalisation of the concepts of " algorithm " and " computation " with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general purpose computer.

As of May 2012 a private member's bill was before the House of Lords which would grant Turing a statutory pardon if enacted.

Turing was conceived at Chhatrapur, Orissa, in British India.

His father, Julius Mathison Turing ( 1873 – 1947 ), was a member of an old aristocratic family of Scottish descent who worked for the Indian Civil Service ( the ICS ).

However, both Julius and Ethel wanted their children to be brought up in England, so they moved to Maida Vale, London, where Turing was born on 23 June 1912, as recorded by a blue plaque on the outside of the house of his birth, later the Colonnade Hotel.

Very early in life, Turing showed signs of the genius he was later to display prominently .< ref name = toolbox >

This topic was further developed in the 1930s by Alonso Church and Alan Turing, who on the one hand gave two independent but equivalent definitions of computability, and on the other gave concrete examples for undecidable questions.

Among the famous mathematicians and cryptanalysts working there, the most influential and the best-known in later years was Alan Turing who is widely credited with being " The Father of Computer Science ".

The first theory about software was proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem ( decision problem ).

One of the most influential contributions to this question was an essay written in 1950 by pioneering computer scientist Alan Turing, titled Computing Machinery and Intelligence.

If the experiment were done in English, since Searle knows English, he would be able to take questions and give answers without any algorithms for English questions, and he would be affectively aware of what was being said and the purposes it might serve: Searle passes the Turing test of answering the questions in both languages, but he's only conscious of what he's doing when he speaks English.

In a few years ( 1939 ) Turing would propose, like Church and Kleene before him, that his formal definition of mechanical computing agent was the correct one.

In 1997 he was awarded the Lemelson-MIT Prize of $ 500, 000, the world's largest single prize for invention and innovation, and the ACM Turing Award.

Both concepts later became known as navigational databases due to the way data was accessed, and Bachman's 1973 Turing Award presentation was The Programmer as Navigator.

This was done by Alonzo Church in 1936 with the concept of " effective calculability " based on his λ calculus and by Alan Turing in the same year with his concept of Turing machines.

It was recognized immediately by Turing that these are equivalent models of computation.

The negative answer to the was then given by Alonzo Church in 1935 – 36 and independently shortly thereafter by Alan Turing in 1936 – 37.

He received the 1972 Turing Award for fundamental contributions to developing programming languages, and was the Schlumberger Centennial Chair of Computer Sciences at The University of Texas at Austin from 1984 until 2000.

The discovery of the ELIZA effect was an important development in artificial intelligence, demonstrating the principle of using social engineering rather than explicit programming to pass a Turing test.

Berkeley and visiting Prof. Harold Stone, for which he was awarding the 1989 Turing award.

These include: In 1959 he became a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; in 1967 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences ; the ACM's Turing Award for making " basic contributions to artificial intelligence, the psychology of human cognition, and list processing " ( 1975 ); the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics " for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations " ( 1978 ); the National Medal of Science ( 1986 ); and the APA's Award for Outstanding Lifetime Contributions to Psychology ( 1993 ).

Matsuo puzzled and grew anxious over the complete passiveness, concluding that he was the butt of a devilish joke.

But a few days after Fred's return he began hemorrhaging and that was the beginning of early and complete disintegration.

He was a learned and brilliant man, one of the best jurists in Europe and with flashes of penetrating insight, and yet in his dealings with other people, particularly when he tried to be ingratiating, he was capable of an abysmal stupidity that can have come only from a complete incomprehension of human nature and human motives.

They, however much they were in disagreement with the late Victorians over the method by which Britain was Germanized, agreed with them that the end result was the complete extinction of the previous Celtic population and civilization.

A recent editorial discussing a labor-management agreement reached between the Southern Pacific Co. and the Order of Railroad Telegraphers has been criticized on the grounds that it was not based on complete information.

The prize was an old-fashioned, woven cloth hammock, complete with cross-top pillow, fringed side pieces, and hooks for hanging.

Despite several years of front-page stories, the average citizen was unable to get a complete picture of McCarthy until he saw on the television screen what the reporters had been seeing all along but had no effective way of communicating.

The work program, as it was originally proposed, was to take five years to complete.

Another recent achievement was the successful development of a method for the complete combustion in a bomb calorimeter of a metal in fluorine when the product is relatively non-volatile.

Cuban S.S.R.: Whatever may have been the setbacks resulting from the unsuccessful attempt of the Cuban rebels to establish a beachhead on the Castro-held mainland last week, there was at least one positive benefit, and that was the clear-cut revelation to the whole world of the complete conversion of Cuba into a Russian-dominated military base.

This was later known to be the result of concentrating the minute amount of complete antibody found in these sera ; ;

when the insoluble fraction was suspended in a volume of saline equal to that of the original serum sample, no complete antibody activity could be detected.

It was nevertheless almost incredible that four years after Yalta there should be a complete split over Germany, with hot heads on both sides planning to use the Germans against their former allies, and with Nazi-minded Germans expecting to recover their power by fighting on one side or the other.

For the use of students and future restorers, a full, day-by-day record was kept of all three undertakings, complete technical reports on what we found and what we did.

If we thus spent our very first day in the midst of a large number of your people honoring a new hero and a great national achievement, our last day, to us at least, was equally impressive and very moving, even though the crowds were absent and there was almost complete silence.

Milman Parry rigorously defended the observation that the extant Homeric poems are largely formulaic, and was led to postulate that they could be shown entirely formulaic if the complete corpus of Greek epic survived ; ;

Some time later the missing part of the relic was found and the complete inscription, together with other new evidence, fully corroborated the ancient priest's information.

As a natural outgrowth of this approach it was often suggested that the doctor should complete the preparation for painless intercourse by dilating the vagina.

So filled was Mel Chandler with the spirit of Garryowen that after Korea was over, he took on the job of writing the complete history of the regiment.